Osteomyelitis at the injection site of adrenalin through an intraosseous needle in a 3-month-old infant.

Intraosseous (IO) puncture is considered for the administration of drugs and fluids when vascular access cannot be achieved rapidly. Adrenaline/epinephrine, adenosine, crystalloids, colloids and blood products can be applied and administered effectively using this route during resuscitation of children. This technique is relatively simple with complications of <1%. These may include tibial fracture, lower extremity compartment syndrome and osteomyelitis. A case is described in which a 3-month-old male infant presented for emergency resuscitation requiring IO infusion utilising both tibial bones. High doses of adrenaline (1:1000; 0.1 mg/kg) were administered in the right tibial epiphysis only after the standard initial concentration (1:10000; 0.01 mg/kg) had minimal effect. A local inflammatory reaction was noted 24 h later in the right tibial region, which developed into cutaneous necrosis, and was eventually resected. Radiologically, no osseous lesion could be demonstrated, however, a bone scintigram revealed osteomyelitis. Upon surgical revision, purulent destruction was evident requiring removal of the epiphysis and part of the metaphysis. Although osteomyelitis is a rare complication which may be caused by sepsis, or contamination during insertion, we speculate that adrenaline in high concentrations may promote the development of osteomyelitis and the drug should be applied cautiously in more diluted concentrations.