Pekalski A A, Zevenbergen J F, Pasman H J, Lemkowitz S M, Dahoe A E, Scarlett B
Explosion Group, DelfChemTech, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands.
J Hazard Mater. 2002 Jul 1;93(1):93-105. doi: 10.1016/s0304-3894(02)00041-9.
The cool-flame phenomenon can occur in fuel-oxygen (air) mixtures within the flammable range and outside the flammable range, at fuel-rich compositions, at temperatures below the auto-ignition temperature (AIT). It is caused by chemical reactions occurring spontaneously at relatively low temperatures and is favoured by elevated pressure. The hazards that cool flames generate are described. These vary from spoiling a product specification through contamination and explosive decomposition of condensed peroxides to the appearance of unexpected normal (hot) flame (two-stage ignition).
