Differential display: a critical analysis.

Differential display (DD) is a well-established analytical tool for measuring gene expression that is still popular due to its documented success and ability to identify novel genes not yet available for analysis by more powerful microarray hybridization. For a comprehensive analysis of all mRNAs in a given cell, it is statistically predicted that at least 240 different DD primer combinations are required. This prediction, however, has never been empirically tested. Using far more primer combinations than that predicted to evaluate 90% of the mRNAs in a cell, plus other modifications, we identified and confirmed the induction of five mRNAs by hydrogen peroxide in HA-1 hamster cells. However, five other known oxidant-inducible mRNAs were not identified by DD. Filter microarray hybridization did not result in the identification of any additional species modulated twofold or greater but previous two-dimensional protein gel electrophoresis identified 15 induced protein species. We conclude that the current statistical prediction for comprehensive analysis of all the mRNAs in a given cell is inaccurate, at least in our hands, and further conclude that DD is a useful but less than comprehensive method for assessing changes in mRNA levels.