Sharp T W, Wightman J M, Davis M J, Sherman S S, Burkle F M
Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, MD 20814-4799, USA.
Prehosp Disaster Med. 2001 Oct-Dec;16(4):197-208. doi: 10.1017/s1049023x00043314.
After the success of relief efforts to the displaced Kurdish population in northern Iraq following the Gulf War, many in the US military and the international relief community saw military forces as critical partners in the response to future complex emergencies (CEs). However, successes in subsequent military involvement in Somalia, Rwanda, the former Yugoslavia, and other CEs proved more elusive and raised many difficult issues. A review of these operations reinforces some basic lessons that must be heeded if the use of military forces in humanitarian relief is to be successful. Each CE is unique, thus, each military mission must be clearly defined and articulated. Armed forces struggle to provide both security and humanitarian relief, particularly when aggressive peace enforcement is required. Significant political and public support is necessary for military involvement and success. Military forces cannot execute humanitarian assistance missions on an ad hoc basis, but must continue to develop doctrine, policy and procedures in this area and adequately train, supply, and equip the units that will be involved in humanitarian relief. Militaries not only must cooperate and coordinate extensively with each other, but also with the governmental and non-governmental humanitarian relief organizations that will be engaged for the long term.
海湾战争后，对伊拉克北部流离失所的库尔德民众的救援行动取得成功，美国军方和国际救援界的许多人将军事力量视为应对未来复杂紧急情况（CE）的关键伙伴。然而，随后美军参与索马里、卢旺达、前南斯拉夫及其他复杂紧急情况的行动，成效却难以捉摸，并引发了许多难题。对这些行动的回顾强化了一些基本教训，若要使人道主义救援中军事力量的运用取得成功，就必须加以重视。每个复杂紧急情况都有其独特性，因此，每项军事任务都必须明确界定和阐述。武装部队在提供安全保障和人道主义救援方面面临困难，特别是在需要积极执行和平任务时。军事介入及取得成功需要大量政治和公众支持。军事力量不能临时执行人道主义援助任务，而必须持续制定该领域的理论、政策和程序，并对参与人道主义救援的部队进行充分训练、提供补给和装备。军队不仅必须彼此广泛合作与协调，还必须与长期参与的政府和非政府人道主义救援组织合作与协调。
