Scriver C R
Department of Human Genetics, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
J Inherit Metab Dis. 2002 May;25(3):235-51. doi: 10.1023/a:1015650517020.
Hereditary metabolic diseases in the context of evolutionary biology elicit interesting questions about ageing and senescence: Will persons successfully treated for inborn errors of metabolism, age and die prematurely because of compromised longevity? Because some unhealthy longevity has its origins in germline and somatic mutational processes, and in an inability to withstand metabolic stress, are there lessons to be learned about senescence from hereditary metabolic disease? Why are ageing, senescence and death necessary for Homo sapiens and how do they happen? These questions form the theme upon which several variations are played during the course of this essay. The theory of the disposable soma recognizes genomic and environmental events, well-seasoned by Chance, as determinants of ageing and senescence. Together, they cause the somatic damage that results in death. Genomics will reveal genes involved in longevity, both healthy and unhealthy. There will be schedules of gene expression behind our life-history traits. As in the field of hereditary metabolic disease, analogous genetic enquiries about ageing can be formulated. For example, how will heterozygotes age? Will association studies in centenarians reveal 'longevity genes'? Will disparate longevity in sib pairs reveal genetic factors? If there are 'ageing' mutations, of what types and with what effects? Will these initiatives lead to healthier longevity? A deeper question yet remains: why has human biology invested so greatly in grandparenthood?
从进化生物学的角度来看,遗传性代谢疾病引发了有关衰老和衰老过程的有趣问题:因先天性代谢缺陷而接受成功治疗的人,会因为寿命受损而过早衰老和死亡吗?鉴于一些不健康的长寿源于种系和体细胞突变过程以及无法承受代谢压力,我们能从遗传性代谢疾病中学到有关衰老的哪些经验教训?为什么衰老、衰老过程和死亡对于智人来说是必要的,它们又是如何发生的?这些问题构成了本文论述过程中反复探讨的主题。“一次性体细胞”理论认为,由偶然性充分调节的基因组和环境事件是衰老和衰老过程的决定因素。它们共同导致体细胞损伤,最终导致死亡。基因组学将揭示与长寿相关的基因,包括健康长寿和不健康长寿相关的基因。我们的生活史特征背后会有基因表达时间表。与遗传性代谢疾病领域一样,可以针对衰老提出类似的基因研究问题。例如,杂合子会如何衰老?对百岁老人的关联研究能否揭示“长寿基因”?同胞对之间不同的寿命是否会揭示遗传因素?如果存在“衰老”突变,它们是什么类型,会产生什么影响?这些研究能否带来更健康的长寿?然而,还有一个更深层次的问题:为什么人类生物学在祖父母身份上投入如此巨大?