Wallace H A, Sinha R N
Mycopathologia. 1975 Dec 31;57(3):171-6. doi: 10.1007/BF00551424.
Although the temperature of grain in the holds of ships arriving in Japan from Argintina, Australia, Canada, China and USA during 1966-67 varied with the grain, country of origin, and season, it was likely to be determined by the temperature of the grain when it was loaded into the ships. Dockage level varied among bulks of the same type of grain, but the mean dockage in any one crop was always larger when originating from the USA than from other countries. Generally the viability of the grain was good, but when it was reduced, interaction of variety and time seemed to be the principal cause. Field fungi - non-pathogenic Alternaria, and the pathogenic Helminthosporium and Fusarium species - tended to die out, during transport, thus reducing the hazards of new pathogenic strains being distributed across international boundaries. The non-pathogenic field fungi, Cladosporium and Phaeoramularia, were persistent. Although common in grain shipments from all countries, species of Aspergillus and Penicillium varied quantitatively with the different grains. In this respect, more Aspergillus spp. were found in grains originating in the USA and Australia than those originating in Canada. The primary contamination by storage fungi appeared to be at the source, at or after harvest and in storage prior to export.
1966年至1967年期间，从阿根廷、澳大利亚、加拿大、中国和美国抵达日本的货船货舱内谷物的温度，会因谷物种类、原产国和季节而有所不同，但很可能取决于谷物装船时的温度。同一类谷物的不同批次杂质含量各不相同，但任何一季作物中，原产于美国的谷物平均杂质含量总是高于其他国家。总体而言，谷物的活力良好，但活力降低时，品种和时间的相互作用似乎是主要原因。田间真菌——非致病性链格孢属真菌，以及致病性长蠕孢属和镰孢属真菌——在运输过程中往往会死亡，从而降低了新的致病菌株跨越国界传播的风险。非致病性田间真菌，如枝孢属和暗双孢属真菌，则具有持久性。尽管曲霉属和青霉属真菌在所有国家的谷物运输中都很常见，但不同谷物中的种类数量有所差异。在这方面，原产于美国和澳大利亚的谷物中发现的曲霉属真菌种类比原产于加拿大的更多。储存真菌的主要污染似乎发生在源头，即收获时或收获后以及出口前的储存过程中。
