Nipper M, Carr R S, Biedenbach J M, Hooten R L, Miller K
Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Center for Coastal Studies, 78412, USA.
Mar Pollut Bull. 2002 Aug;44(8):789-806. doi: 10.1016/s0025-326x(02)00063-2.
Toxicological and chemical studies were performed with a silty and a sandy marine sediment spiked with 2,6-dinitrotoluene (2,6-DNT), 2,4,6-trinitrophenylmethylnitramine (tetryl), or 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (picric acid). Whole sediment toxicity was analyzed by the 10-day survival test with the amphipod Ampelisca abdita, and porewater toxicity tests assessed macro-algae (Ulva fasciata) zoospore germination and germling growth, sea urchin (Arbacia punctulata) embryological development, and polychaete (Dinophilus gyrociliatus) survival and reproduction. Whole sediments spiked with 2,6-DNT were not toxic to amphipods. The fine-grained sediment spiked with tetryl was also not acutely toxic. The tetryl and picric acid LC50 values in the sandy sediment were 3.24 and 144 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. The fine-grained sediment spiked with picric acid generated a U-shaped concentration-response curve in the amphipod test, with increased survival both in the lowest and highest concentration. Grain-size distribution and organic carbon content strongly influenced the behavior of ordnance compounds in spiked sediments. Very low concentrations were measured in some of the treatments and irreversible binding and biodegradation are suggested as the processes responsible for the low measurements. Porewater toxicity varied with its sedimentary origin and with ordnance compound. The sea urchin embryological development test tended to be the least sensitive. Tetryl was the most toxic chemical in all porewater tests, and picric acid the least toxic. Samples spiked with 2,6-DNT contained a degradation product identified as 2-methyl-3-nitroaniline (also known as 2-amino-6-nitrotoluene), and unidentified peaks, possibly degradation products, were also seen in some of the picric acid- and tetryl-spiked samples. Degradation products may have played a role in observed toxicity.
对添加了2,6 - 二硝基甲苯（2,6 - DNT）、2,4,6 - 三硝基苯甲硝胺（特屈儿）或2,4,6 - 三硝基苯酚（苦味酸）的粉质和砂质海洋沉积物进行了毒理学和化学研究。通过用双壳纲动物Ampelisca abdita进行的10天存活试验分析了全沉积物毒性，孔隙水毒性试验评估了大型藻类（石莼）游动孢子萌发和幼体生长、海胆（刺冠海胆）胚胎发育以及多毛纲动物（旋毛双齿围沙蚕）的存活和繁殖。添加了2,6 - DNT的全沉积物对双壳纲动物无毒。添加了特屈儿的细粒沉积物也没有急性毒性。砂质沉积物中特屈儿和苦味酸的半数致死浓度（LC50）值分别为3.24和144毫克/千克干重。添加了苦味酸的细粒沉积物在双壳纲动物试验中产生了U形浓度 - 反应曲线，在最低和最高浓度下存活率均有所增加。粒度分布和有机碳含量强烈影响了添加沉积物中弹药化合物的行为。在一些处理中测得的浓度非常低，不可逆结合和生物降解被认为是导致低测量值的过程。孔隙水毒性因其沉积来源和弹药化合物而异。海胆胚胎发育试验往往最不敏感。在所有孔隙水试验中，特屈儿是毒性最大的化学物质，苦味酸毒性最小。添加了2,6 - DNT的样品含有一种被鉴定为2 - 甲基 - 3 - 硝基苯胺（也称为2 - 氨基 - 6 - 硝基甲苯）的降解产物，在一些添加了苦味酸和特屈儿的样品中也观察到了未鉴定的峰，可能是降解产物。降解产物可能在观察到的毒性中起了作用。
