Lüders W
Psychother Med Psychol (Stuttg). 1975 Mar;25(2):33-44.
The theory of psychotherapeutic counselling is based on the assumption that human behavior is a dialectic process between progression and regression. The goal of progression is autonomy, the constructive and meaningful handling of things and people. The goal of regression is being cared for, the experience of being accepted and protected. Active attempts at learning lead to progressive goals, needs and passive movements lead to regressive goals. Attempts at learning are put under pressure, protection-seeking movements are manipulated and fixed. Insight, confrontation and projects are the means of psychotherapeutic counselling. Insight helps to understand situations and interactions which cause illness and to detect symptomatic forms of behavior. Both the external and the internal conditions of behavior have to be cleared up. Confrontation interpretes the present relationship and provides the learning process with sample experiences. Projects are designs of behavior conceived during counselling, systematically tried out outside the counselling session. The goal of psychotherapeutic counselling is to enable the patient to change critically the situation and the self.
心理治疗咨询理论基于这样一种假设，即人类行为是进步与退行之间的辩证过程。进步的目标是自主性，即对事物和人的建设性且有意义的处理。退行的目标是被照顾，是被接纳和保护的体验。积极的学习尝试会导向进步性目标，而需求和被动行为则会导向退行性目标。学习尝试会面临压力，寻求保护的行为会被操纵和固定下来。洞察、对质和方案是心理治疗咨询的手段。洞察有助于理解导致疾病的情境和互动，并检测出症状性的行为形式。行为的外部和内部条件都必须弄清楚。对质诠释当前的关系，并为学习过程提供示例体验。方案是在咨询过程中构思出的行为设计，在咨询 session 之外系统地进行尝试。心理治疗咨询的目标是使患者能够批判性地改变情境和自我。 （注：原文中“session”这里直接保留英文未翻译，因为不清楚具体所指，可能在特定医学心理治疗语境中有专门含义）
