Libertino J A, Zinman L
Med Clin North Am. 1975 Mar;59(2). doi: 10.1016/s0025-7125(16)32031-4.
The natural history, presenting signs and symptoms, and radiologic evaluation of patients with hypernephroma are reviewed. Radical nephrectomy is the treatment of choice in patients free of metastatic disease. Patients who have evidence of metastatic disease should not be subjected to nephrectomy unless hemorrhage, pain, or some other severe local problem warrants it. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy may be useful as adjunctive therapy in a patient with metastatic disease.
本文回顾了肾细胞癌患者的自然病史、临床表现及影像学评估。根治性肾切除术是无转移疾病患者的首选治疗方法。有转移疾病证据的患者，除非有出血、疼痛或其他严重局部问题需要，否则不应接受肾切除术。放疗和化疗可作为转移性疾病患者的辅助治疗。
