Bissada N K, Abdelsayed M, Holder J C
Am Fam Physician. 1977 Aug;16(2):100-6.
Angiographic diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma depends primarily upon the demonstration of abnormal vasculature within the tumor. Unless the renal vein is well visualized on the arteriogram, a venacavogram and renal venogram should be performed to detect tumor in these vessels. At present, the only effective treatment for renal carcinoma is radical nephrectomy.