设得兰矮种马运动学的纵向发展以及饲养和训练方式的影响。

Back W, Schamhardtt H C, Barneveld A, van Weeren P R

Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinery Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.

Equine Vet J. 2002 Sep;34(6):609-14. doi: 10.2746/042516402776180133.

Nowadays, ponies are used more and more for competitive equine sports, driving and racing. The locomotor performance of ponies, however, has been evaluated in only a few kinematic and kinetic studies. To compare the longitudinal development of locomotor characteristics in the pony to the same process in the horse, the kinematics of 23 Shetland ponies were recorded at the trot on a treadmill (3 m/s) at ages 4 and 30 months using a modified CODA-3 apparatus. Furthermore, the influence of specific feeding and training regimes on this development was evaluated. It appeared that stride and stance duration increased with age, but the swing duration and pro/retraction range were similar at foal and mature age. Fore- and hindlimb maximal joint flexion at swing was larger in the mature ponies compared to foals. The elbow and shoulder joint were kept in a more extended position and the stifle joint more flexed, while scapula and pelvis were kept in a more vertical position. These effects are similar to those found in horses. The majority of both temporal and angular kinematic variables correlated significantly between foals and mature ponies. Ponies that were restricted in their feeding, resulting in a low body condition score, demonstrated a flatter gait than ponies fed ad lib (4 cm more height, 60 kg more weight), which trotted at the same velocity with significantly more joint flexion. Extra sprint training on top of free paddock exercise did not significantly influence the longitudinal development of kinematics. From these data, it can be concluded that the longitudinal development of locomotor characteristics in ponies is similar to that in horses. Fatter animals show a more animated gait, while extra sprint training added to free paddock exercise has no detectable effect on the development of kinematics. Aside from training or feeding regimes, in the Shetland pony breed, it appears possible to recognise 'good movers' at a young age.

如今，矮种马越来越多地被用于竞技马术运动、驾车和赛跑。然而，仅有少数运动学和动力学研究对矮种马的运动表现进行了评估。为了比较矮种马运动特征的纵向发展与马的同一过程，使用改良的CODA - 3仪器，在跑步机上（3米/秒）记录了23匹设得兰矮种马在4个月和30个月大时小跑的运动学数据。此外，还评估了特定喂养和训练方式对这种发育的影响。结果显示，步幅和站立时间随年龄增长而增加，但摆动时间和前伸/后缩范围在幼驹和成年时相似。与幼驹相比，成年矮种马在摆动时前肢和后肢的最大关节屈曲度更大。肘部和肩关节保持更伸展的位置，膝关节更屈曲，而肩胛骨和骨盆保持更垂直的位置。这些影响与在马身上发现的相似。幼驹和成年矮种马的大多数时间和角度运动学变量之间存在显著相关性。限制喂养导致身体状况评分较低的矮种马，其步态比自由采食的矮种马更平坦（身高高4厘米，体重重60千克），后者以相同速度小跑时关节屈曲明显更多。在自由围场运动之外进行额外的短跑训练，对运动学的纵向发展没有显著影响。从这些数据可以得出结论，矮种马运动特征的纵向发展与马相似。较胖的动物步态更活泼，而在自由围场运动之外增加额外的短跑训练对运动学发展没有可检测到的影响。除了训练或喂养方式外，在设得兰矮种马品种中，似乎有可能在幼年时识别出“善于运动的个体”。