Cilento Bartley G, Atala Anthony
Department of Urology, Children's Hospital, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Urol Clin North Am. 2002 May;29(2):311-28, vi. doi: 10.1016/s0094-0143(02)00025-3.
Approximately 20% of hypospadiac urethras are located proximally, anywhere from the penoscrotal to the perineal region. Repair of proximal defects is still one of the most challenging surgical procedures facing the hypospadiologist. Modifications of current techniques for the correction of proximal hypospadias as well as new innovative techniques continue to be proposed.