Williams Allan F, Nelson Laurie A, Leaf William A
Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Arlington, VA 22201-4751, USA.
Accid Anal Prev. 2002 Nov;34(6):835-42. doi: 10.1016/s0001-4575(01)00090-2.
In 1998, California adopted a strong graduated licensing system that lengthened the learner's permit stage from 1 month to a mandatory 6 months and introduced passenger and nighttime restrictions for initial license holders. The passenger restriction (no passengers younger than 20 for the first 6 months) is stronger than such restrictions in any other state; the nighttime ban is relatively weak, not beginning until midnight. Surveys were undertaken to learn what teenagers and their parents thought about the new requirements and how they responded to them. Two groups of beginning California license holders were surveyed three times during the first year of licensure; their parents were interviewed twice. One group (n = 543) was subject to the graduated licensing requirements, the other (n = 814) was not. Parents strongly endorsed the new system. The vast majority approved of the new permit requirements and the nighttime and passenger restrictions. Among parents whose children were subject to the new requirements, 79% were strongly in favor of the new system and only 4% were neutral or opposed. Teenagers were less favorable toward the new requirements. Most approved of the new learner's permit rules, and the majority of teenagers favored the night restriction, but only about one-third endorsed the passenger restriction. Compliance with the new rules was not close to universal, but the new licensing system resulted in young people holding their learner's permits longer, accumulating more practice driving prior to licensure and decreased the amount of reported driving after midnight and transportation of teenagers when initially licensed. Most teenagers subject to the new rules said they were able to do the activities they wanted despite the changes; almost three-quarters said they were not affected much by either the nighttime or passenger restriction. Overall the results indicate that the new licensing system is accepted favorably by teenagers and their parents and has substantially increased the types of behaviors that collectively should lead to crash and injury reductions.
1998年，加利福尼亚州采用了一套严格的分级驾照许可制度，将学习许可证阶段从1个月延长至法定的6个月，并对初次领证者实施乘客搭载和夜间驾驶限制。乘客搭载限制（前6个月内不得搭载20岁以下乘客）比其他任何州的此类限制都更为严格；夜间驾驶禁令相对较弱，直到午夜才开始实施。开展了多项调查，以了解青少年及其父母对这些新要求的看法以及他们的应对方式。在发放驾照的第一年，对两组刚开始在加利福尼亚州持证的人员进行了三次调查；对他们的父母进行了两次访谈。一组（n = 543）要遵守分级驾照许可要求，另一组（n = 814）则无需遵守。父母们强烈支持新制度。绝大多数父母赞成新的许可证要求以及夜间和乘客搭载限制。在孩子要遵守新要求的父母中，79%强烈支持新制度，只有4%持中立或反对态度。青少年对新要求的支持度较低。大多数青少年赞成新的学习许可证规定，并且大多数青少年支持夜间驾驶限制，但只有约三分之一的人认可乘客搭载限制。对新规定的遵守情况并非普遍良好，但新的驾照许可制度使年轻人持有学习许可证的时间更长，在获得驾照之前积累了更多的练习驾驶时间，并减少了报告的午夜后驾驶次数以及初次领证时搭载青少年的情况。大多数要遵守新规定的青少年表示，尽管有这些变化，他们仍能够进行自己想做的活动；近四分之三的人表示，夜间或乘客搭载限制对他们影响不大。总体而言，结果表明新的驾照许可制度得到了青少年及其父母的积极认可，并大幅增加了总体上应能减少撞车事故和伤害的行为类型。
