Schulman A, Herlinger H
Br J Radiol. 1975 Aug;48(572):638-45. doi: 10.1259/0007-1285-48-572-638.
Two radiologists individually studied 220 intravenous urograms done during pregnancy in patients with apparently normal urinary tracts, and an observer-agreement technique was used to obtain the results. The few cases seen in early pregnancy show that dilatation of the urinary tract is uncommon, or at least mild, before mid term. Shortly thereafter, however, dilatation appears abruptly and remains virtually unchanged both in incidence and degree until full term. After mid term, the right side is dilated in about three-quarters of cases and the left side in about one-third. In only 10 % was the left side fuller than the right; in 86%, the right side was the fuller. Severe dilatation is infrequent, especially on the left. The dilatation never extends into the pelvis. The abdominal ureters are displaced outwards in a minority of cases, more often on the left. Little or no association was found between the dilatation and fetal position, maternal gravidity or urinary infection. These statistically derived conclusions should provide a firmer basis for what constitutes the limits of normality in the intravenous urogram during pregnancy.
两位放射科医生分别研究了220例孕期进行的静脉肾盂造影，这些患者的尿路表面上正常，采用观察者间一致性技术得出结果。孕早期见到的少数病例显示，在孕中期之前，尿路扩张不常见，或至少程度较轻。然而，此后不久，扩张突然出现，并且在足月前发病率和程度几乎保持不变。孕中期之后，约四分之三的病例右侧扩张，约三分之一的病例左侧扩张。只有10%的病例左侧比右侧充盈；86%的病例右侧更充盈。严重扩张很少见，尤其是左侧。扩张从未延伸至肾盂。少数情况下腹部输尿管向外移位，左侧更常见。在扩张与胎儿位置、母亲妊娠次数或泌尿系统感染之间几乎未发现关联。这些统计学得出的结论应为孕期静脉肾盂造影正常范围的界定提供更坚实的基础。
