Chaggu Esnati, Mashauri Damas, van Buuren Joost, Sanders Wendy, Lettinga Gatze
University College of Lands and Architectural Studies (UCLAS), Box 35176, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania.
Environ Manage. 2002 Nov;30(5):609-20. doi: 10.1007/s00267-002-2685-8.
The sociocultural and socioeconomic situation of sanitation in Dar-es-Salaam (Dsm), Tanzania, was studied with explicit emphasis on pit-latrines. Without considering the sociocultural conditions, the so-called best solution might not be the right one. Therefore, in order to achieve the intended goal, a literature review, a questionnaire survey, and personal visits to the chosen study areas were done. In total, 207 household questionnaires were filled in 16 areas of the city. Interviewers did house-to-house visits and questionnaires were filled out on the spot. Results indicated that the city population is about 3.8 million at present, with over 80% of the dwellers using pit-latrines; some 3% use septic tanks with soakage pits, about 6% are connected to the sewerage system, and 1% have no excreta disposal facility. Difficulties faced include dismal budget allocations, fragmentation of sanitation activities among subsectors, lack of or poor sanitation record keeping, unsatisfactory machinery for septic tank and pit-latrine emptying, lack of a clear policy on pit-latrine handling and, in competition for resources, low priority is accorded to an excreta disposal system among the people. City residents will continue to use the pit-latrines for a long time to come. Reusing the fecal sludge is not known by most city dwellers and is influenced by sociocultural habits. To prevent groundwater pollution and to recover useful products in human excreta and urine, ecological sanitation toilets and anaerobic digesters offer a good option.
对坦桑尼亚达累斯萨拉姆（Dsm）的卫生设施的社会文化和社会经济状况进行了研究，特别强调了坑式厕所。如果不考虑社会文化条件，所谓的最佳解决方案可能并非正确之选。因此，为了实现预期目标，我们进行了文献综述、问卷调查，并对选定的研究区域进行了实地走访。总共在该市的16个区域填写了207份家庭问卷。调查员逐户走访，问卷在现场填写。结果表明，该市目前人口约380万，超过80%的居民使用坑式厕所；约3%的居民使用带渗滤坑的化粪池，约6%的居民接入了污水排放系统，1%的居民没有排泄物处理设施。面临的困难包括预算拨款不足、卫生活动在各子部门之间分散、缺乏或卫生记录保存不佳、化粪池和坑式厕所清空设备不理想、缺乏关于坑式厕所处理的明确政策，以及在资源竞争中，排泄物处理系统在民众中优先级较低。城市居民在未来很长一段时间内将继续使用坑式厕所。大多数城市居民不了解粪便污泥的再利用，这受到社会文化习惯的影响。为了防止地下水污染并回收人类排泄物和尿液中的有用产品，生态卫生厕所和厌氧消化器提供了一个不错的选择。
