Lina B A R, Jonker D, Kozianowski G
TNO Nutrition and Food Research, Zeist, The Netherlands.
Food Chem Toxicol. 2002 Oct;40(10):1375-81. doi: 10.1016/s0278-6915(02)00105-9.
Isomaltulose is a natural occurring disaccharide composed of alpha-1,6-linked glucose and fructose. Commercial isomaltulose is produced from sucrose by enzymatic rearrangement and has been used as a sugar in Japan since 1985. It is particularly suitable as a non-cariogenic sucrose replacement and is favorable in products for diabetics and prediabetic dispositions. In vivo studies with rats and pigs indicate that isomaltulose is completely hydrolyzed and absorbed in the small intestine. This is supported by in vitro studies showing that intestinal disaccharidases from various species (including man) can hydrolyze isomaltulose. The rate of hydrolysis, however, is very slow compared with sucrose and maltose. Thus, blood glucose and insulin levels in humans after oral administration rise slower and reach lower maxima than after sucrose administration. After absorption, fructose and glucose are metabolized as typical for these monosaccharides. From intravenous studies it can be assumed that any systemic isomaltulose would be hydrolyzed as well, or excreted in urine. In several subchronic toxicity studies, the administration of large doses (up to 7.0 and 8.1 g/kg body weight/day in male and female rats, respectively) of isomaltulose, did not result in adverse effects. Isomaltulose induced neither embryotoxic or teratogenic effects in rat foetuses, nor maternal toxicity at levels up to 7 g/kg body weight/day. Isomaltulose was non-mutagenic in the Ames test. As hydrolysis in the small intestine is complete, even high levels of isomaltulose are well tolerated in animals and humans. In studies with healthy as well as diabetic subjects high doses up to 50 g were tolerated without signs of intestinal discomfort. On the basis of the data reviewed it is concluded that the use of isomaltulose as an alternative sugar is as safe as the use of other digestible sugars consisting of glucose and fructose.
异麦芽酮糖醇是一种天然存在的二糖，由α-1,6-连接的葡萄糖和果糖组成。商业用异麦芽酮糖醇是通过酶促重排由蔗糖生产而来，自1985年起在日本被用作糖类。它特别适合作为非致龋性蔗糖替代品，对糖尿病患者和糖尿病前期人群的产品来说很有利。对大鼠和猪的体内研究表明，异麦芽酮糖醇在小肠中完全水解并被吸收。各种物种（包括人类）的肠道二糖酶能够水解异麦芽酮糖醇的体外研究也支持了这一点。然而，与蔗糖和麦芽糖相比，其水解速度非常缓慢。因此，人类口服异麦芽酮糖醇后血糖和胰岛素水平上升较慢，且达到的峰值低于口服蔗糖后。吸收后，果糖和葡萄糖按这些单糖的典型方式代谢。从静脉注射研究可以推测，任何全身性的异麦芽酮糖醇也会被水解，或经尿液排出。在几项亚慢性毒性研究中，给予大剂量（雄性和雌性大鼠分别高达7.0和8.1克/千克体重/天）的异麦芽酮糖醇并未产生不良影响。异麦芽酮糖醇对大鼠胎儿既未诱导胚胎毒性或致畸作用，在高达7克/千克体重/天的剂量水平下也未产生母体毒性。异麦芽酮糖醇在艾姆斯试验中无致突变性。由于在小肠中的水解是完全的，即使是高剂量的异麦芽酮糖醇在动物和人类中也具有良好的耐受性。在针对健康受试者和糖尿病患者的研究中，高达50克的高剂量也能被耐受，且无肠道不适迹象。根据所审查的数据得出结论，使用异麦芽酮糖醇作为替代糖与使用其他由葡萄糖和果糖组成的可消化糖一样安全。
