Gray John S
Department of Biology, University of Oslo, Norway.
Mar Pollut Bull. 2002;45(1-12):46-52. doi: 10.1016/s0025-326x(01)00323-x.
Biomagnification is the process where xenobiotic substances are transferred from food to an organism resulting in higher concentrations compared with the source. It is Widely believed that this is a general phenomenon for marine food webs. An analysis of 148 papers with biomagnification in the title shows that under half show biomagnification. Of studies on metals only organic mercury shows biomagnification and most metals are regulated and excreted and do not biomagnify. Of the studies on organic compounds 67% claimed to show biomagnification. However, bioconcentration (uptake from the surrounding water) is the most usual way that organic compounds are accumulated in organisms from invertebrates to and including fish. Only in sea-birds and marine mammals is food intake the major route and where biomagnification can be clearly shown. Body concentrations of organic compounds vary with lipid content and thus in order to compare across species normalisation to uniform lipid content should be done. Yet often this is not done so data purporting to show biomagnification merely relate to differing lipid content in the different species studied. Finally suggestions are made as to how data can be collected to better interpret the process of biomagnification in marine food webs.
生物放大作用是指外源性物质从食物转移到生物体中，导致其浓度高于来源的过程。人们普遍认为这是海洋食物网中的一种普遍现象。对148篇标题中含有“生物放大作用”的论文进行分析后发现，不到一半的论文显示出生物放大作用。在关于金属的研究中，只有有机汞显示出生物放大作用，大多数金属会被调节和排泄，不会发生生物放大。在关于有机化合物的研究中，67%的研究声称显示出生物放大作用。然而，生物浓缩（从周围水体中摄取）是有机化合物在从无脊椎动物到鱼类（包括鱼类）等生物体中积累的最常见方式。只有在海鸟和海洋哺乳动物中，食物摄入才是主要途径，并且在这些动物中可以清楚地显示出生物放大作用。有机化合物的体内浓度会随着脂质含量而变化，因此为了跨物种进行比较，应该将其标准化为统一的脂质含量。然而，通常并没有这样做，所以声称显示生物放大作用的数据仅仅与所研究的不同物种中不同的脂质含量有关。最后，针对如何收集数据以更好地解释海洋食物网中的生物放大作用过程提出了建议。
