Oettingen Gabriele, Mayer Doris
Department of Psychology, New York University, New York 10003, USA.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 2002 Nov;83(5):1198-212.
Two forms of thinking about the future are distinguished: expectations versus fantasies. Positive expectations (judging a desired future as likely) predicted high effort and successful performance, but the reverse was true for positive fantasies (experiencing one's thoughts and mental images about a desired future positively). Participants were graduates looking for a job (Study 1), students with a crush on a peer of the opposite sex (Study 2), undergraduates anticipating an exam (Study 3), and patients undergoing hip-replacement surgery (Study 4). Effort and performance were measured weeks or months (up to 2 years) after expectations and fantasies had been assessed. Implications for the self-regulation of effort and performance are discussed.
预期与幻想。积极预期（将期望的未来判断为可能）预示着高努力程度和成功表现，但积极幻想（对期望的未来产生积极的想法和心理意象）则相反。研究对象包括正在找工作的毕业生（研究1）、暗恋异性同学的学生（研究2）、即将参加考试的本科生（研究3）以及正在接受髋关节置换手术的患者（研究4）。在评估预期和幻想几周或几个月（最长2年）后，对努力程度和表现进行了测量。文中还讨论了对努力和表现自我调节的启示。
