Bircks W
Z Kardiol. 2002;91 Suppl 4:81-5. doi: 10.1007/s00392-002-1413-y.
As late as the end of World War II (1945), cardiac surgery did not play a clinical role worldwide. Successful cardiac operations were singular events often caused by unexpected circumstances. In contrast, the first successful suture of a cardiac stab wound by Ludwig Rehn (1896 in Frankfurt am Main) followed after experimental investigation of this topic in the laboratory. With a certain justification, this event can be mentioned as the beginning of clinical cardiac surgery. Operative procedures in patients with constrictive pericarditis followed, at that time, the ideas of Ludolf Brauer (precordial pericardiolysis) and were developed to perfection by Viktor Schmieden (subtotal pericardiectomy) during the 1920s. The first successful pulmonary embolectomy was performed in 1924 by Martin Kirschner; up to this date the sometimes used method of Friedrich Trendelenburg, already described in 1908, remained without success. The first successful operation of a ventricular aneurysm by Ferdinand Sauerbruch (1931) and the first successful closure of a patent duct (Botalli) by Emil Karl Frey (1938) occurred during operations undertaken under the circumstances of a preoperatively incorrect diagnosis. The results of the important experimental work of Ernst Jeger (monography 1913) and the first catheterization of the human heart by Werner Forssmann (1931) were not noticed by the surgical community at that time. In contrast to the time before World War II, in which German surgery was at the forefront, after the war there was a commanding need to approach the scientific and clinical level that meanwhile had been developed in the western countries, while there had been a standstill in Germany caused by its isolation since 1933 and the war since 1939. Surgeons in western Europe, the United States of America, and in Canada proved to be real friends. After one to two decades, the international clinical and scientific standard could be reached at some sites. A widespread clinical care for all patients became possible only in the late 1980s. This development was hampered even more in the eastern parts of the country. Above-average efforts there, equalized the degree of clinical care in a few years. The co-operation between the German Cardiac Society (founded 1927) and the German Society for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (founded 1971) was of great benefit for this satisfying development.
直到第二次世界大战（1945年）结束时，心脏外科手术在全球范围内尚未发挥临床作用。成功的心脏手术是罕见事件，通常由意外情况导致。相比之下，路德维希·雷恩（1896年于美因河畔法兰克福）首次成功缝合心脏刺伤是在实验室对该主题进行实验研究之后。有一定理由可以将这一事件视为临床心脏外科手术的开端。当时，缩窄性心包炎患者的手术操作遵循了路德olf·布劳尔的理念（心前区心包松解术），并在20世纪20年代由维克托·施密登发展至完美（次全心包切除术）。1924年马丁·基尔施纳首次成功进行了肺动脉栓子切除术；在此之前，弗里德里希·特伦德伦堡于1908年就已描述的方法，在此期间一直未获成功。费迪南德·绍尔布鲁赫于1931年首次成功进行心室动脉瘤手术，埃米尔·卡尔·弗雷于1938年首次成功闭合动脉导管（博塔利氏管），这些手术都是在术前诊断错误的情况下进行的。当时，恩斯特·耶格尔的重要实验工作成果（专著，1913年）以及维尔纳·福斯曼于1931年首次对人体心脏进行导管插入术，均未引起外科界的关注。与第二次世界大战前德国外科处于前沿的时期相比，战后迫切需要达到西方国家当时已发展起来的科学和临床水平，而德国自1933年以来的孤立状态以及1939年以来的战争导致其处于停滞状态。事实证明，西欧、美国和加拿大的外科医生是真正的朋友。一二十年后，在某些地方达到了国际临床和科学标准。直到20世纪80年代末，才有可能为所有患者提供广泛的临床护理。在该国东部地区，这种发展受到的阻碍更大。那里付出了超常的努力，在几年内使临床护理水平得以均衡。德国心脏学会（成立于1927年）和德国胸心血管外科学会（成立于1971年）之间的合作对这一令人满意的发展大有裨益。
