Managing recurrent urinary catheter encrustation.

Recurrent blockage of the urinary catheter is a common problem in around 40-50% of long-term catheterized patients, leading to problems which are distressing to patients and costly to health services in both time and resources. Blockage is frequently caused by the build-up of mineral deposits on the catheter surface following precipitation from the urine under alkaline conditions. The presence of urea-splitting bacteria in the urine promotes a strongly alkaline urine and their adhesion to the catheter as a biofilm makes them extremely difficult to remove. This article addresses strategies for early identification of potential 'blockers'; proactive approaches to care; and the evidence for use of catheter maintenance solutions.