Saunders Lindsay S, Hanbury-Tenison Robin, Swingland Ian R
L. Saunders and Associates, 22 Summerhil l Place, St Heliers, Auckland, New Zealand.
Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci. 2002 Aug 15;360(1797):1763-75. doi: 10.1098/rsta.2002.1030.
New incentives for protection and in situ use of forests and the services they provide raise hopes for the reversal of tropical and temperate deforestation. Past management of forests appropriated the rights of forest communities, providing incentives to convert natural forest into financial capital through logging, while destroying the underlying physical property. Carbon trading aims to provide a means to convert the forest property into financial capital, while protecting the physical property of forests, thereby providing new incentives for in situ forest management. The potential for carbon-emission trading as a contributor to these new incentives is tempered by concerns that it is another tool for capitalists to exploit the indigenous communities of the developing world. Estimates of annual emission trading amounting to US $200 billion raise alarm bells about the effect of such trade in the developing world. People are right to be concerned, as the history of exploitation of indigenous people, the appropriation of their rights, the loss of forests and their benefits is well documented. This exploitation resulted in the exclusion of forest communities from the basic tenets for development created by the wealth generated by traded property. However, one virtue of trade is that it can be made subject to constraints. Through international treaties and agreements, trade can be constrained and national governments obliged to observe the rules of trade. The value of tradable carbon credits will be discounted or invalid if they do not meet these criteria, providing all parties with strong incentives to achieve the necessary performance standards relating to both processes and contracts. For carbon trading to develop social capital from natural capital requires the admission of forest communities into the polity and management of forest resources. In this paper we argue for responsible carbon-emission trading based on the clear and appropriate definition of carbon entitlements, with the proviso that trading respects the rights and needs of indigenous people. We adopt this position as emissions trading now seems inevitable and there should be proper rules to control this trade where it affects forests and their inhabitants. It is imperative that the poor and indigenous people are not excluded from these systems. Trading systems and the property systems they depend on need to be more accountable, transparent and inclusive of those features which we propose.
保护森林及其提供的服务并进行原地利用的新激励措施，为扭转热带和温带地区的森林砍伐带来了希望。过去的森林管理剥夺了森林社区的权利，通过伐木将天然林转化为金融资本，同时破坏了其基本的物质属性。碳交易旨在提供一种将森林资产转化为金融资本的手段，同时保护森林的物质属性，从而为森林原地管理提供新的激励措施。然而，碳排放交易作为这些新激励措施的一个促成因素，其潜力受到了质疑，因为有人担心这是资本家剥削发展中世界土著社区的又一工具。每年高达2000亿美元的排放交易估计数，敲响了这种交易对发展中世界影响的警钟。人们的担忧是有道理的，因为对土著人民的剥削、他们权利的剥夺、森林及其利益的丧失，都有充分的记录。这种剥削导致森林社区被排除在由贸易财产产生的财富所创造的基本发展原则之外。然而，贸易的一个优点是它可以受到限制。通过国际条约和协定，可以对贸易加以限制，并要求各国政府遵守贸易规则。如果可交易的碳信用额度不符合这些标准，其价值将被打折或无效，这为各方提供了强大的动力，促使其达到与流程和合同相关的必要绩效标准。要使碳交易从自然资本中发展出社会资本，就需要让森林社区参与到森林资源的政治和管理中来。在本文中，我们主张基于对碳权利的明确和适当定义进行负责任的碳排放交易，前提是交易尊重土著人民的权利和需求。我们采取这一立场是因为排放交易现在似乎不可避免，而且在这种交易影响森林及其居民的情况下，应该有适当的规则来控制这种交易。至关重要的是，穷人和土著人民不应被排除在这些体系之外。交易体系及其所依赖的财产体系需要更具问责性、透明度，并纳入我们所提议的那些特征。
