Confirmation of the existence of two distinct genetic groups of infectious bursal disease virus in Australia.

OBJECTIVE

To characterise infectious bursal disease viruses (IBDVs) prevalent at major commercial sites throughout Australia and to compare the nucleic acid sequences of local strains of IBDV with those of characterised overseas strains.

DESIGN

Samples of bursae were collected from 20 broiler farms that belonged to different poultry companies in New South Wales (NSW), Queensland (Qld), Victoria (Vic), Westem (WA) and South Australia (SA).

METHOD

Bursae were collected from broilers between 24 and 35 days of age. Bursal tissue was homogenised and tested for the presence of IBDV antigen using four monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) which detect antigenic variation in IBDV strains. The nucleotide sequences of the hypervariable region (HVR) within the VP2 gene of IBDVs was determined and the deduced amino acid sequences compared with three vaccine strains and six previously characterised Australian IBDV strains. The deduced amino acid sequences were also compared with the published amino acid sequences of overseas strains. The phylogenetic relationships between Australian strains and overseas strains were then determined.

RESULTS

IBDV was detected in birds from 14 out of 20 farms sampled. Typing with four Mabs showed that all viruses from Vic (6) and SA (10) were antigenic variants, whereas all viruses from NSW (29), Qld (4) and WA (5) were classical-like strains. Nucleotide sequencing of one sample from each of the 14 farms on which IBDV was detected confirmed results obtained with Mabs. The amino acid sequences of all Australian viruses differed from the amino acid sequences of foreign IBDV strains. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Australian IBDV viruses belonged to two distinct genetic groups. Very virulent (vv) IBDV strains belonged to a third genetic group, and overseas classical and variant strains belonged to a fourth genetic group.

CONCLUSIONS

The results confirmed previous findings that there are two groups of IBDV strains circulating in commercial broilers in Australia. The majority are classical-like strains that are antigenically and genetically similar to vaccine strains 002/73 and V877. These classical strains were prevalent in broilers in three states, NSW, Qld and WA. The second group of strains are antigenic variants that were only found in broilers in two states, Vic and SA. All Australian IBDVs characterised to date are genetically distinct and can be differentiated from all other overseas strains. This enables identification of incursion of any exotic strain into Australian poultry, be it classical, US variant or wIBDV strains.