Ridderinkhof K Richard
Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Roetersstraat 15, 1018 WB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Psychol Res. 2002 Nov;66(4):312-23. doi: 10.1007/s00426-002-0104-7. Epub 2002 Sep 21.
Macro- and micro-adjustment of task set was studied using distributional analyses of performance data (reaction time and accuracy) obtained in a new experiment using the Simon task. Macro-adjustments involved the long-term strategic modifications in response to the relative probability of conflict trials, while micro-adjustment involved trial-by-trial modifications invoked by the commission of incidental errors. These adjustments were examined in detail in distributional analyses of RT and accuracy, which have been shown to be particularly useful in studying the role of activation and suppression in conflict tasks. The modification of behavioral strategies incurred by the commission of errors and by the relative probability that the irrelevant location corresponded to the incorrect response was found to involve a reduced location-driven direct response activation (as reflected in the early portions of the delta plots for accuracy) and a stronger selective suppression of that direct activation (as reflected in the delta plot slopes for RT). When the probability of conflict trials was high, the effects of irrelevant location were already precluded by macro-adjustment, so that error commission had no further micro-adjustment effect on subsequent behavior. These patterns were not disclosed by analysis of overall performance.
使用在一项采用西蒙任务的新实验中获得的绩效数据（反应时间和准确性）的分布分析，对任务集的宏观和微观调整进行了研究。宏观调整涉及根据冲突试验的相对概率进行的长期战略修改，而微观调整涉及因偶然错误的发生而逐次试验进行的修改。在反应时间和准确性的分布分析中对这些调整进行了详细研究，结果表明这些分析在研究激活和抑制在冲突任务中的作用方面特别有用。发现因错误的发生以及无关位置对应于错误反应的相对概率而导致的行为策略修改，涉及位置驱动的直接反应激活减少（如准确性的增量图早期部分所示）以及对该直接激活的更强选择性抑制（如反应时间的增量图斜率所示）。当冲突试验的概率较高时，无关位置的影响已通过宏观调整排除，因此错误的发生对后续行为没有进一步的微观调整作用。这些模式未通过整体绩效分析揭示出来。
