Dahl Ronald E, Lewin Daniel S
Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
J Adolesc Health. 2002 Dec;31(6 Suppl):175-84. doi: 10.1016/s1054-139x(02)00506-2.
There are several converging reasons to focus on sleep regulation in relation to healthy adolescent development: (a) Sleep appears to be particularly important during periods of brain maturation; (b) there are substantial biological and psychosocial changes in sleep and circadian regulation exist across pubertal development; (c) interactions between physical and psychosocial domains can lead to dramatic alterations in sleep patterns and habits during adolescence; (d) increasing evidence that many adolescents frequently obtain insufficient sleep exists; (e) there is mounting evidence that sleep deprivation has its greatest negative effects on the control of behavior, emotion, and attention, a regulatory interface that is critical in the development of social and academic competence, and psychiatric disorders; (f) the most obvious direct health consequences of insufficient sleep are high-risk behaviors associated with substance abuse and automobile accidents; (g) substantial evidence for bidirectional effects between sleep and behavioral/emotional regulation exists. Although the past decade has seen research progress in these areas, there continue to be major gaps in existing knowledge and a paucity of well-controlled studies to guide specific health policy decisions and recommendations regarding sleep in adolescence. In particular, there is need for improved understanding of the acute and chronic effects of inadequate sleep in adolescents, guidelines for defining adequate sleep in adolescents, and a better delineation of the links among sleep, behavior, and affect regulation. Finally, this paper briefly examines one specific application of this knowledge area regarding early starting times among some high schools.
(a) 在大脑成熟阶段，睡眠似乎尤为重要；(b) 在青春期发育过程中，睡眠和昼夜节律调节存在重大的生物学和心理社会变化；(c) 身体和心理社会领域之间的相互作用会导致青少年睡眠模式和习惯发生巨大变化；(d) 越来越多的证据表明，许多青少年经常睡眠不足；(e) 越来越多的证据表明，睡眠剥夺对行为、情绪和注意力控制有最大的负面影响，而这种调节界面在社交和学业能力发展以及精神疾病中至关重要；(f) 睡眠不足最明显的直接健康后果是与药物滥用和汽车事故相关的高风险行为；(g) 睡眠与行为/情绪调节之间存在双向影响的大量证据。尽管在过去十年中这些领域的研究取得了进展，但现有知识仍存在重大差距，缺乏严格控制的研究来指导有关青少年睡眠的具体健康政策决策和建议。特别是，需要更好地了解青少年睡眠不足的急性和慢性影响、确定青少年充足睡眠的指南，以及更清晰地描绘睡眠、行为和情感调节之间的联系。最后，本文简要探讨了这一知识领域在一些高中早开课时间方面的一个具体应用。
