Calhoun D A
Acta Paediatr Suppl. 2002;91(438):43-53. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2002.tb02905.x.
By 20 wk of gestation, the human fetal gastrointestinal (GI) tract morphologically resembles that of the term infant, but functional development is limited before 26 wk. By 30 wk of gestation, the fetus has the capacity for limited digestion and enteral absorption. GI growth and development continue postnatally. Trophic factors, including nutrients, peptides, hormones and growth factors, are recognized as having important influences on the morphology and histology of the developing GI tract. Other trophic factors are important in adaptation and repair following injury. Many such factors are provided in utero via amniotic fluid swallowing and later by human colostrum and milk.
This review discusses cytokines with known GI trophic effects, either in vitro or in vivo, and focuses on those cytokines that have been used in the neonatal intensive care unit.
妊娠20周时，人类胎儿胃肠道在形态上与足月儿相似，但在26周之前功能发育有限。妊娠30周时，胎儿具备有限的消化和肠内吸收能力。胃肠道的生长和发育在出生后仍会继续。营养物质、肽、激素和生长因子等营养因子被认为对发育中的胃肠道的形态和组织学有重要影响。其他营养因子在损伤后的适应和修复中也很重要。许多此类因子在子宫内通过吞咽羊水提供，之后通过人初乳和乳汁提供。
本综述讨论了在体外或体内具有已知胃肠道营养作用的细胞因子，并重点关注了那些已在新生儿重症监护病房使用的细胞因子。
