Tod David, Iredale Fiona, Gill Nicholas
Centre for Rehabilitation, Exercise and Sport Science, School of Human Movement, Recreation and Performance, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Sports Med. 2003;33(1):47-58. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200333010-00004.
Psyching-up refers to self-directed cognitive strategies used immediately prior to or during skill execution that are designed to enhance performance. This review focuses on research that has investigated the effect of psyching-up on force production; specifically, strength, muscular endurance and power. Although firm conclusions are not possible, the research tentatively suggests that psyching-up may enhance performance during dynamic tasks requiring strength and/or muscular endurance. However, more research is required. Power has received scant empirical attention and there are not enough data to support any conclusions. Preparatory arousal appears to be the most effective strategy although other strategies like imagery, self-talk and attentional focus also have empirical support. The range of tasks that have been used to measure force production have been limited to movements such as handgrip, leg extension, bench press, sit-ups, press-ups, pull-ups, and the standing broad jump. Additionally, most studies have used undergraduate and/or untrained samples. Only a very small number of studies have examined well-trained individuals. Currently, no explanation for why psyching-up may influence force production has any substantive support. Although a small number of studies have examined moderating and mediating variables, few consistent patterns have emerged and knowledge in this area is somewhat restricted. Given the importance that many athletes place on their mental preparation just prior to performance this is an area that warrants further examination. Research needs to examine a range of complex sport-specific tasks and use well-trained samples. Additionally, research needs to further examine why psyching-up may enhance force production.
心理准备是指在技能执行之前或执行过程中立即使用的自我导向认知策略，旨在提高表现。本综述聚焦于研究心理准备对力量产生的影响；具体而言，即对力量、肌肉耐力和爆发力的影响。尽管无法得出确凿结论，但该研究初步表明，心理准备可能会提高在需要力量和/或肌肉耐力的动态任务中的表现。然而，还需要更多的研究。爆发力很少受到实证关注，没有足够的数据支持任何结论。准备性唤醒似乎是最有效的策略，尽管其他策略如意象、自我对话和注意力集中也有实证支持。用于测量力量产生的任务范围仅限于诸如握力、腿部伸展、卧推、仰卧起坐、俯卧撑、引体向上和立定跳远等动作。此外，大多数研究使用的是本科生和/或未经训练的样本。只有极少数研究考察了训练有素的个体。目前，对于心理准备为何可能影响力量产生，尚无任何实质性的解释得到支持。尽管有少数研究考察了调节变量和中介变量，但几乎没有出现一致的模式，这一领域的知识也较为有限。鉴于许多运动员在比赛前对心理准备的重视，这是一个值得进一步研究的领域。研究需要考察一系列复杂的特定运动任务，并使用训练有素的样本。此外，研究需要进一步探究心理准备为何可能增强力量产生。
