Dietrich Marion, Block Gladys, Norkus Edward P, Hudes Mark, Traber Maret G, Cross Carroll E, Packer Lester
School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley 94720-7360, USA.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Jan;77(1):160-6. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/77.1.160.
Free radicals in cigarette smoke may cause oxidative damage to macromolecules, contributing to cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Decreased plasma antioxidant concentrations may indicate cigarette smoke-related oxidative stress.
We compared the effects on plasma antioxidant concentrations in cotinine-confirmed active and passive smokers with those in nonsmokers, independent of differences in dietary intakes and other covariates.
Plasma samples from 83 smokers, 40 passive smokers, and 36 nonsmokers were analyzed for total ascorbic acid, alpha- and gamma-tocopherols, 5 carotenoids, retinol, and cotinine. Groups were compared by using analysis of variance with adjustment for sex, age, race, body mass index, alcohol intake, triacylglycerol concentration, fruit and vegetable intakes, and dietary antioxidants.
After adjustment for dietary antioxidant intakes and other covariates, smokers and passive smokers had significantly lower plasma beta-carotene concentrations than did nonsmokers (0.15, 0.17, and 0.24 micro mol/L, respectively) and significantly higher gamma-tocopherol concentrations (7.8, 7.8, and 6.5 micro mol/L, respectively). Smokers had significantly lower plasma ascorbic acid and beta-cryptoxanthin concentrations than did nonsmokers and passive smokers (ascorbic acid: 43.6, 54.5, and 54.6 micro mol/L, respectively; beta-cryptoxanthin: 0.12, 0.16, and 0.16 micro mol/L, respectively) and significantly lower concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin than did nonsmokers (0.33 compared with 0.41 micro mol/L). The P values for all the differences described above were < 0.05. No significant differences in plasma concentrations of alpha-tocopherol, alpha-carotene, total carotenoids, lycopene, or retinol were observed.
These results indicate that cigarette smokers and nonsmokers exposed to cigarette smoke have a significantly lower plasma antioxidant status than do unexposed nonsmokers, independent of differences in dietary antioxidant intakes. Further research is required to explain why plasma gamma-tocopherol concentrations were significantly higher in smokers and passive smokers than in nonsmokers.
香烟烟雾中的自由基可能会对大分子造成氧化损伤，进而引发心血管疾病和癌症。血浆抗氧化剂浓度降低可能表明与香烟烟雾相关的氧化应激。
我们比较了可替宁确认的主动吸烟者和被动吸烟者与非吸烟者血浆抗氧化剂浓度的差异，排除了饮食摄入和其他协变量差异的影响。
对83名吸烟者、40名被动吸烟者和36名非吸烟者的血浆样本进行分析，检测总抗坏血酸、α-生育酚、γ-生育酚、5种类胡萝卜素、视黄醇和可替宁的含量。通过方差分析对性别、年龄、种族、体重指数、酒精摄入量、三酰甘油浓度、水果和蔬菜摄入量以及膳食抗氧化剂进行校正后，对各组进行比较。
在校正膳食抗氧化剂摄入量和其他协变量后，吸烟者和被动吸烟者的血浆β-胡萝卜素浓度显著低于非吸烟者（分别为0.15、0.17和0.24微摩尔/升），而γ-生育酚浓度显著高于非吸烟者（分别为7.8、7.8和6.5微摩尔/升）。吸烟者的血浆抗坏血酸和β-隐黄质浓度显著低于非吸烟者和被动吸烟者（抗坏血酸：分别为43.6、54.5和54.6微摩尔/升；β-隐黄质：分别为0.12、0.16和0.16微摩尔/升），叶黄素和玉米黄质浓度显著低于非吸烟者（分别为0.33和0.41微摩尔/升）。上述所有差异的P值均<0.05。未观察到血浆α-生育酚、α-胡萝卜素、总类胡萝卜素、番茄红素或视黄醇浓度的显著差异。
这些结果表明，吸烟者和接触香烟烟雾的非吸烟者的血浆抗氧化状态显著低于未接触烟雾的非吸烟者，且与膳食抗氧化剂摄入量的差异无关。需要进一步研究来解释为什么吸烟者和被动吸烟者的血浆γ-生育酚浓度显著高于非吸烟者。
