Giladi Eilath E, Klar Yechiel
Department of Psychology, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 69978 Israel.
J Exp Psychol Gen. 2002 Dec;131(4):538-51. doi: 10.1037//0096-3445.131.4.538.
People are frequently required to judge how particular group members measure up against others in their group. According to the local-comparisons-general-standards (LOGE) approach, in these member-to-group comparisons, people fail to use the normatively appropriate local (group) standard and are infelicitously affected by a more general standard (involving instances from outside the judged group). Within positive groups, target group members are judged superior to the other members of the group, and within negative groups, inferior. To date, these nonselective superiority and inferiority biases have been demonstrated solely in judgments about human beings. In 6 experiments, nonselective biases were found in perceptual, affective, and cognitive judgments of nonhuman targets, objects, and concepts, thus supporting a cognitive rather than a social account.
人们经常需要判断特定群体成员与他们所在群体中的其他成员相比情况如何。根据局部比较-一般标准（LOGE）方法，在这些成员与群体的比较中，人们未能使用规范上合适的局部（群体）标准，并且受到更一般标准（涉及被评判群体之外的实例）的不当影响。在积极群体中，目标群体成员被判断为优于群体中的其他成员，而在消极群体中则被判断为劣于其他成员。迄今为止，这些非选择性的优越性和劣势偏差仅在对人类的判断中得到证实。在6项实验中，在对非人类目标、物体和概念的感知、情感和认知判断中发现了非选择性偏差，从而支持了一种认知而非社会的解释。
