Hinterhuber Hartmann
Universitätsklinik für Psychiatrie, Innsbruck, Osterreich.
Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2002 Oct 31;114(19-20):822-32.
This paper seeks to convey an insight into the interrelationships between body, soul and mind and to show how the concept of "soul" has evolved through the course of history. In German the word "soul" has a confusing array of meanings today. For most of us it comprises all of man's emotions, his awareness, constructive thought, drive, state of mind and spirit. The soul thus represents the essence of a person and his relationships to those closest to him. For many people the soul was and still is the principle of life, the breath of life and the force of life. The immortal soul escapes, leaves the body, is weighed and judged. At all times in history man has doggedly pursued the mysteries of self-awareness, the ultimate truth and the soul. What he found varied, depending on the age and the place. What the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament express in deep-seated metaphors, the Greek philosophers put into clear-cut words: their concept of soul was then largely integrated into Christian thought. Meister Eckhart describes the soul in mystically transfigured passion. C.G. Jung writes of the "animus and anima." Sigmund Freud uses the term "psyche." Radical materialism denies the existence and independence of the soul's processes. The questions where we come from and where we are going, why and what for, no longer find a common answer. Psychiatry, however, takes up the intellectual call of the time and replies to the challenges of the day. Thus, the search for the "soul", a search that occupies so many people, also always involves the search for the whole person.
本文旨在深入探讨身体、灵魂和精神之间的相互关系，并展示“灵魂”概念在历史进程中是如何演变的。如今，在德语中，“灵魂”一词有着一系列令人困惑的含义。对我们大多数人来说，它涵盖了人类的所有情感、意识、建设性思维、动力、心境和精神。因此，灵魂代表了一个人的本质以及他与最亲近的人的关系。对许多人来说，灵魂过去是、现在仍然是生命的原则、生命的气息和生命的力量。不朽的灵魂会逃离、离开身体，接受称量和审判。在历史的各个时期，人类都执着地追寻自我意识、终极真理和灵魂的奥秘。他所发现的东西各不相同，这取决于时代和地域。希伯来圣经和新约用深刻的隐喻所表达的内容，希腊哲学家则用清晰明确的语言阐述：他们的灵魂概念随后在很大程度上融入了基督教思想。 Meister Eckhart 以神秘变形的激情描述灵魂。C.G. 荣格写到了“阿尼姆斯和阿尼玛”。西格蒙德·弗洛伊德使用“心理”一词。激进唯物主义否认灵魂过程的存在和独立性。我们从何处来、向何处去、为何以及何为的问题，不再有一个共同的答案。然而，精神病学响应了时代的知识召唤，回应了当今的挑战。因此，对“灵魂”的探索，这个困扰着许多人的探索，也始终涉及对完整的人的探索。
