Effects of engineering uphill electron transfer into the methylamine dehydrogenase-amicyanin-cytochrome c-551i complex.

Within the methylamine dehydrogenase-amicyanin-cytochrome c-551i complex, electrons are transferred from tryptophan tryptophylquinone (TTQ) to heme via the type I copper center of amicyanin. Mutation of Pro94 of amicyanin to Phe increases the redox potential of the copper center within the protein complex by approximately 195 mV. This introduces a large energy barrier for the second electron transfer (ET) step in this three-protein ET chain. As a consequence of this mutation, the ET rate from TTQ to copper exhibits about a 6-fold increase and the ET rate from copper to heme exhibits about a 100-fold decrease. These changes in ET rate are consistent with the predictions of Marcus theory. Temperature dependence studies of these reactions indicate that the reorganization energies for the ET to and from the copper center are unchanged by the P94F mutation, despite the large change in redox potential that it causes. Steady-state kinetic studies indicate that despite the large energy barrier for the ET from copper to heme, methylamine-dependent reduction of heme by the three-protein complex with P94F amicyanin goes to completion. The turnover number for this steady-state reaction, however, is decreased 50-fold relative to that of the native complex. As a consequence of the P94F mutation, the rate constant for the unfavorable uphill ET reaction from copper to heme has become the rate-limiting step in the overall reaction. The evolutionary implications of the effects of this mutation on the function of this naturally occurring simple ET chain are discussed.