McCulloch A
School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, UK.
Chemosphere. 2003 Mar;50(10):1291-308. doi: 10.1016/s0045-6535(02)00697-5.
The chloroform flux through the environment is apparently constant at some 660+/-220 Ggyr(-1) (+/-1sigma) and about 90% of the emissions are natural in origin: the largest single source being in offshore sea water (contributing 360+/-90 Ggyr(-1)), with soil processes the next most important (220+/-100 Ggyr(-1)). Other natural sources, mainly volcanic and geological, account for less than 20 Ggyr(-1). The non-natural sources total 66+/-23 Ggyr(-1) and are much better characterised than the natural sources. They are predominantly the result of using strong oxidising agent on organic material in the presence of chloride ion, a direct parallel with the natural processes occurring in soils. Chloroform partitions preferentially into the atmosphere; the equilibrium distribution is greater than 99% and the average global atmospheric concentration has been calculated to be 18.5 pmolmol(-1). Atmospheric oxidation, the principal removal process, is approximately in balance with the identified source fluxes. Chloroform is widely dispersed in the aquatic environment (even naturally present in some mineral waters). Consequently, it is also widely dispersed in the tissue of living creatures and in foodstuffs but there is little evidence of bioaccumulation and the quantities in foodstuffs and drinking water are not problematical for human ingestion at the highest concentrations found. Definitive studies have shown that current environmental concentrations of chloroform do not present an ecotoxicological risk, even to fish at the embryonic and larval stages when they are most susceptible. By virtue of the very small amounts that actually become transported to the stratosphere, chloroform does not deplete ozone materially, nor is it a photochemically active volatile organic compound (VOC). It has a global warming potential that is less than that of the photochemically active VOCs and is not classed as a greenhouse gas.
通过环境的氯仿通量显然恒定在约660±220 Gg yr⁻¹（±1σ），且约90%的排放源自天然：最大的单一来源是近岸海水（贡献360±90 Gg yr⁻¹），其次土壤过程最为重要（220±100 Gg yr⁻¹）。其他天然来源，主要是火山和地质来源，占比不到20 Gg yr⁻¹。非天然来源总计66±23 Gg yr⁻¹，其特征比天然来源明确得多。它们主要是在氯离子存在下对有机材料使用强氧化剂的结果，这与土壤中发生的天然过程直接类似。氯仿优先分配到大气中；平衡分布大于99%，全球大气平均浓度经计算为18.5 pmol mol⁻¹。大气氧化是主要的去除过程，与已确定的源通量大致平衡。氯仿广泛分布于水生环境中（甚至天然存在于一些矿泉水中）。因此，它也广泛分布于生物组织和食品中，但几乎没有生物累积的证据，食品和饮用水中的含量在发现的最高浓度下对人类摄入也无问题。权威研究表明，当前环境中的氯仿浓度即使对胚胎和幼虫阶段最敏感的鱼类也不存在生态毒理学风险。由于实际传输到平流层的量极少，氯仿不会大量消耗臭氧，也不是光化学活性挥发性有机化合物（VOC）。它的全球变暖潜能值低于光化学活性VOCs，且未被归类为温室气体。
