Nakamura Michio
Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Japan.
J Hum Evol. 2003 Jan;44(1):59-71. doi: 10.1016/s0047-2484(02)00194-x.
Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) often groom in gatherings that cannot simply be divided into unilateral dyadic grooming interactions. This feature of grooming is studied at two different levels: grooming cliques and grooming clusters. Grooming cliques are defined as directly connected configurations of grooming interactions at any given moment, and when any member of a clique successively grooms any member of another clique within 5min and within a distance of 3m, all the members of both cliques are defined as being in the same grooming cluster. Twenty-seven types of cliques are observed, with the largest one consisting of seven individuals. Mutual and/or polyadic cliques account for more than 25% of all cliques. The size of grooming clusters varies from two to 23 individuals, and almost 70% of the grooming time is spent in polyadic clusters. Although adult males groom the longest in relatively smaller clusters (size=2-4), adult females groomed the longest in clusters of five or more individuals. A review of the literature implies that mutual and polyadic cliques occur less often in other primate species than in chimpanzees. The importance of overlapping interactions for these kinds of gatherings and its possible significance in the evolution of sociality is discussed in this article.
黑猩猩（Pan troglodytes）常常在无法简单地划分为单边二元梳理互动的群体中进行梳理行为。这种梳理行为的特征在两个不同层面进行研究：梳理小团体和梳理集群。梳理小团体被定义为在任何给定时刻直接相连的梳理互动结构，当一个小团体的任何成员在5分钟内且在3米距离内相继梳理另一个小团体的任何成员时，两个小团体的所有成员都被定义为处于同一个梳理集群中。观察到27种类型的小团体，其中最大的一个由7个个体组成。相互和/或多元小团体占所有小团体的比例超过25%。梳理集群的规模从2个个体到23个个体不等，并且几乎70%的梳理时间是在多元集群中度过的。尽管成年雄性在相对较小的集群（规模为2 - 4个个体）中梳理时间最长，但成年雌性在5个或更多个体的集群中梳理时间最长。对文献的综述表明，相互和多元小团体在其他灵长类物种中出现的频率低于黑猩猩。本文讨论了这些重叠互动对于此类群体的重要性及其在社会性进化中的可能意义。
