Shimada Masaki
Department of Animal Sciences, Teikyo University of Science, 2525 Yatsusawa, Uenohara, Yamanashi, 409-0193, Japan.
Primates. 2013 Jul;54(3):245-57. doi: 10.1007/s10329-013-0348-4. Epub 2013 Mar 15.
The overall structure and temporally changing configuration of members of social play among the wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) of Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania, were described on both the microscopic 'clique' levels, conceptualized as directly connected configurations through social play behavior, and macroscopic 'cluster' levels, conceptualized as indirectly connected gatherings of members of adjacent multiple cliques at the same time and space. Most playing clusters started as dyads. Although the cumulative number of participants increased, each clique size remained at 2 for most of the observational units. Dyadic cliques were more stable and lasted longer than larger cliques. Of all clusters' playing fields, 64.7 % had maximum diameters of 3 m. In summary, chimpanzees played stably in dyadic pairs in most of the time. As time passed, other chimpanzees often joined in the playing groups to form large polyadic clusters. Even when all chimpanzees in a cluster played socially at the same time, they normally did so in separate dyadic pairs, forming multiple dyadic cliques simultaneously in a small space. These social play dynamics may be explained assuming a hypothesis based on a balance model among socially playing chimpanzees, as the balanced cliques are limited only to those in which all the existing pairs form the mutual dyads, and they tend to avoid unbalanced and maintain balanced relationships during social play. As a result, larger cliques were difficult to maintain for long periods and tended to transition into dyadic mutual cliques. Thus, Heider's balance theory can be one of the possible theories to explain not only human social phenomena, but also the proximate mechanism of the structure and the temporal change of social play among wild chimpanzees. Although both mutual and transitive relationships are known to be balanced in various human networks, only mutual relationships among socially playing chimpanzees were balanced.
对坦桑尼亚马哈尔山国家公园野生黑猩猩（Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii）社会游戏成员的整体结构和随时间变化的配置，在微观的“小团体”层面（通过社会游戏行为概念化为直接相连的配置）和宏观的“集群”层面（概念化为相邻多个小团体成员在同一时间和空间的间接相连的集合）进行了描述。大多数游戏集群始于二元组。尽管参与者的累计数量增加了，但在大多数观察单位中，每个小团体的规模在大部分时间仍保持为2。二元小团体比更大的小团体更稳定，持续时间更长。在所有集群的游戏场地中，64.7%的场地最大直径为3米。总之，黑猩猩大部分时间都以二元对的形式稳定地进行游戏。随着时间的推移，其他黑猩猩经常加入游戏群体，形成大型多元集群。即使集群中的所有黑猩猩同时进行社交游戏，它们通常也是在单独的二元对中进行，在小空间内同时形成多个二元小团体。这些社会游戏动态可以通过基于社会游戏黑猩猩之间平衡模型的假设来解释，因为平衡的小团体仅限于所有现有对子形成相互二元组的那些小团体，并且它们在社会游戏中倾向于避免不平衡并维持平衡关系。结果，更大的小团体很难长期维持，并且倾向于转变为二元相互小团体。因此，海德的平衡理论可能是解释人类社会现象以及野生黑猩猩社会游戏结构和时间变化的近端机制的可能理论之一。虽然已知在各种人类网络中相互关系和传递关系都是平衡的，但在社会游戏的黑猩猩中只有相互关系是平衡的。
