Cleaveland J Mark, Jäger Ralf, Rössner Patricia, Delius Juan D.
Allgemeine Psychologie, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
Behav Processes. 2003 Mar 31;61(3):143-158. doi: 10.1016/s0376-6357(02)00187-0.
Animals coping with operant conditioning tasks often show behaviors that are not recorded by keys, levers and similar response transducers. Nevertheless, these adjunctive behaviors should not be disposed of by classifying them as incidental. Often they are found to be at least partially influenced by the experimentally programmed contingencies, and under certain conditions they can in turn influence conditioned behaviors. Here we describe the occurrence and characteristics of two such behaviors, stimulus grasping in operantly key-pecking pigeons and intra-delay stereotypies in a delayed matching-to-sample task with budgerigars. It is argued that for a proper account of these behaviors it is necessary to refer to a behavioral systems approach that appeals to longer ranging ontogenetic and phylogenetic histories than is usually considered in the psychological literature. The gaping towards on-key stimuli by pigeons is attributed to the hypothesis that operantly conditioned key-pecks probably relate to a grasp-pecking response that is normally executed towards non-edible items covering food. The intra-delay behaviors shown by the budgerigars are assumed to have originated from stress-induced displacement responses that adventitiously came under the influence of differential reinforcement contingencies. Finally, we discuss what kinds of evidence are needed to put these hypothetical explanations on a more certain footing.
应对操作性条件任务的动物常常表现出一些行为，这些行为无法通过按键、杠杆及类似的反应传感器记录下来。然而，这些辅助行为不应被归类为偶然事件而被忽视。通常发现它们至少部分受到实验设定的意外情况的影响，并且在某些条件下，它们反过来又会影响条件性行为。在这里，我们描述了两种此类行为的发生情况和特征，即操作性啄键鸽子的刺激抓取行为以及虎皮鹦鹉在延迟匹配样本任务中的延迟内刻板行为。有人认为，要恰当地解释这些行为，有必要参考一种行为系统方法，这种方法所涉及的个体发育和系统发育历史范围比心理学文献中通常考虑的要长。鸽子对按键刺激的张嘴行为被归因于这样一种假设，即操作性条件啄键可能与一种通常针对覆盖食物的不可食用物品执行的抓啄反应有关。虎皮鹦鹉表现出的延迟内行为被认为源自应激诱导的替代反应，这些反应偶然受到差别强化意外情况的影响。最后，我们讨论需要哪些证据才能使这些假设性解释更具确定性。
