López-Tolsa Gabriela E, Pellón Ricardo
Animal Learning and Behavior Laboratory, Departamento de Psicología Básica I, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), C/Juan del Rosal 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
Perspect Behav Sci. 2025 Jun 3;48(2):315-339. doi: 10.1007/s40614-025-00453-5. eCollection 2025 Jun.
Behavior is dynamic because it results from the interactions between organisms and their environment. Reinforcement is the primary mechanism for explaining behavior, and it has evolved in various ways, allowing for the explanation of different aspects of behavior acquisition and maintenance. The adequacy of reinforcement in explaining behavior acquisition has mostly been tested on target behaviors. However, a broader understanding of behavior requires accounting not only for target behaviors but for all behaviors in a given situation. This article presents several experiments showcasing schedule-induced behaviors to analyze the variables that determine which behaviors are acquired and how they are organized. First, the effects of both physical and contingency-based constraints on the organization of behavior are examined. Second, the role of competition and collaboration between behaviors in determining their distribution is discussed. Third, a dual effect of reinforcers on behavioral patterns is proposed. It is concluded that behaviors interact with one another and with environmental stimuli, and behavioral patterns are continuously induced, updated, and reinforced. Data in this article highlight the need to focus on the moment-to-moment updating of behavioral patterns to fully understand behavioral dynamics.
行为是动态的，因为它是生物体与其环境之间相互作用的结果。强化是解释行为的主要机制，并且它以各种方式演变，从而能够解释行为习得和维持的不同方面。强化在解释行为习得方面的充分性大多是在目标行为上进行测试的。然而，对行为更广泛的理解不仅需要考虑目标行为，还需要考虑给定情境中的所有行为。本文展示了几个实验，以分析决定哪些行为被习得以及它们如何被组织的变量。首先，研究了基于物理和偶然性的约束对行为组织的影响。其次，讨论了行为之间的竞争与协作在决定其分布方面的作用。第三，提出了强化物对行为模式的双重影响。得出的结论是，行为相互之间以及与环境刺激相互作用，并且行为模式不断被诱导、更新和强化。本文中的数据强调了需要关注行为模式的即时更新，以充分理解行为动态。
