Ferrone J D
Orthop Clin North Am. 1976 Apr;7(2):323-30.
Congenital deformities about the knee are the result of abnormalities of all the anatomical structures that make up this joint. In some cases the structural changes observed are due to primary disorders of formation and growth of one or more of the anatomical components of the knee. Disorders are known to occur in the integumentary, muscular, ligamentous supporting, and skeletal systems. Examples of these disorders are seen in the bone dysplasias and joint laxity syndromes. In other cases exaggerated intrauterine positions of the limb seem to bring about certain adaptive changes in the embryological development of this joint. Epiphyseal dysplasias can lead to precocious arthropathy. Subluxation of the patella is often an indicator of a ligamentous laxity syndrome. It can also occur as a result of anatomical abnormalities of the femoral condyles or be due to congenital or acquired quadriceps fibrosis. Hypoplasia of the patella with dislocation is seen in the nail-patella syndrome.
膝关节先天性畸形是构成该关节的所有解剖结构异常的结果。在某些情况下，观察到的结构变化是由于膝关节一个或多个解剖成分的形成和生长的原发性疾病所致。已知这些疾病发生在皮肤、肌肉、韧带支持和骨骼系统中。这些疾病的例子可见于骨发育异常和关节松弛综合征。在其他情况下，肢体在子宫内的过度位置似乎会在该关节的胚胎发育中引起某些适应性变化。骨骺发育异常可导致早熟性关节病。髌骨半脱位通常是韧带松弛综合征的一个指标。它也可能由于股骨髁的解剖异常而发生，或者是由于先天性或后天性股四头肌纤维化所致。髌骨发育不全伴脱位见于指甲-髌骨综合征。
