Positive interactions between migrant and resident birds: testing the heterospecific attraction hypothesis.

We experimentally tested the conditions where heterospecific attraction is more likely to occur. The heterospecific attraction hypothesis predicts that colonizing or migrant individuals use the presence of resident species as a cue for profitable breeding sites. In other words, increasing resident densities will result in increased migrant densities until the costs of interspecific competition override the benefits of heterospecific attraction. The experiment consisted of a reference and a manipulation year. In the reference year, resident titmice were permitted to breed at intermediate densities whilst in the manipulation year, resident densities were manipulated in nine study plots. Three treatments were performed as low, intermediate and high resident densities and migrant density responses were measured in both years. Relative between-year migrant and resident densities were analyzed by regression analysis. Migrant foliage gleaning guild densities responded linearly and positively, as did densities of habitat generalists, in particular Chaffinch ( Fringilla coelebs),. The ground-foraging guild did not show a response. This study provides support for predictions of the heterospecific attraction hypothesis and suggests that information on habitat quality with reference to both food availability and safe breeding sites are important in using heterospecifics as cues. Based on Chaffinch response data, artificially increased resident densities were not high enough for competitive effects between residents and migrants to decrease heterospecific attraction. It seems unlikely that in northern environments natural resident densities will reach high levels where competitive effects would occur, therefore heterospecific attraction will always be beneficial. This study again shows the importance of heterospecific attraction in migrant habitat selection and as a process promoting species diversity in northern breeding bird assemblages.