Eustace Larry W, Kang Duck-Hee, Coombs David
Division of Nursing, University of Arkansas-Monticello, 71656, USA.
J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2003 Mar-Apr;32(2):215-21. doi: 10.1177/0884217503251704.
To provide an integrated review of the literature on fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and fetal alcohol effects (FAE), focusing on the definition of FAS/FAE, their incidence and related problems, gestational research findings, FAS symptoms, the effects of prenatal alcohol consumption on offspring over time, and FAS/FAE preventive measures.
Computerized searches of MEDLINE and Web sites, as well as reference lists from published articles on FAS/FAE from 1973 to present.
Literature was chosen from refereed journals and from current publications of the National Organization of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome.
Data were extracted using keywords relevant to FAS and FAS prevention.
The consumption of alcohol during pregnancy can harm the fetus irreparably. Preventive measures can be helpful in decreasing or stopping the use of alcohol during pregnancy.
Alcohol is a definite teratogen. The amount of alcohol, if any, that can be safely consumed during pregnancy, the exact physiological mechanisms that make alcohol unsafe for the fetus, and the most effective prevention measures have yet to be identified. FAS/FAE is still increasing in the United States.
对胎儿酒精综合征（FAS）和胎儿酒精影响（FAE）的文献进行综合综述，重点关注FAS/FAE的定义、发病率及相关问题、孕期研究结果、FAS症状、孕期饮酒对后代长期的影响以及FAS/FAE的预防措施。
对MEDLINE和网站进行计算机检索，以及查阅1973年至今已发表的关于FAS/FAE文章的参考文献列表。
文献选自经同行评审的期刊以及胎儿酒精综合征全国组织的当前出版物。
使用与FAS及FAS预防相关的关键词提取数据。
孕期饮酒会对胎儿造成不可挽回的损害。预防措施有助于减少或停止孕期饮酒。
酒精是一种明确的致畸剂。孕期可安全饮用的酒精量（若有）、酒精对胎儿不安全的确切生理机制以及最有效的预防措施尚未确定。在美国，FAS/FAE的发病率仍在上升。
