Natural variation of copper, zinc, cadmium and selenium concentrations in Bembicium nanum and their potential use as a biomonitor of trace metals.

Copper, zinc, cadmium and selenium were measured in the gastropod mollusc Bembicium nanum at two uncontaminated locations, Jervis Bay and Rosedale, NSW, to determine natural variability of metals associated with gender, mass, shore position and temporal variability. Trace metals were also measured in B. nanum at three industrialised locations to determine the accumulation of trace metals in contaminated environments.Copper, zinc, cadmium and selenium concentrations were not significantly different between male and female B. nanum. No significant relationships were found between zinc, cadmium and selenium concentrations and mass. There was a significant relationship between copper concentration and mass but only 19% of the variation was explained by mass. Generally inherent variability within samples had a greater influence than gender or variations in mass on trace metal concentrations. No trend was found in cadmium and selenium concentrations with variation in shoreline position. Copper and zinc concentrations increased further away from the low tide mark, with a decrease in metal concentrations at the furthest site from the water. Variability in metal concentrations is attributable to variations in food source, food availability and different immersion times.Copper, zinc, cadmium and selenium concentrations varied over a 12-month period. Copper, cadmium and selenium were taken up and lost over time, as metal body burden followed the same trend as metal concentrations. Zinc concentrations were influenced by mass. Copper and cadmium concentrations fluctuated throughout the 12-month period but with no clear seasonal trends. Selenium concentrations peaked in spring (October), with concentrations remaining uniform over the other months. These differences in mean concentrations between months were most likely due to inherent trace metal variability associated with differences in food availability and changes in metabolic rates associated with changes in temperature during the study period. Measurement of trace metals in B. nanum at contaminated sites showed that B. nanum accumulates metals in response to contamination.B. nanum meets most of the requirements to be a biomonitor of trace metal contamination as they are abundant, sedentary, easy to identify, provide sufficient tissue for analysis, tolerate high concentrations of pollutants and they accumulate trace metals in response to contamination. However, as trace metal concentration can vary with mass, shoreline position and temporally, care must be taken to collect individual organisms with similar mass from similar shoreline positions and times.