Feuerbacher Erica, Fewell Jennifer H, Roberts Stephen P, Smith Elizabeth F, Harrison Jon F
Department of Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1501, USA.
J Exp Biol. 2003 Jun;206(Pt 11):1855-65. doi: 10.1242/jeb.00347.
In this study we tested the effect of pollen and nectar loading on metabolic rate (in mW) and wingbeat frequency during hovering, and also examined the effect of pollen loading on wing kinematics and mechanical power output. Pollen foragers had hovering metabolic rates approximately 10% higher than nectar foragers, regardless of the amount of load carried. Pollen foragers also had a more horizontal body position and higher inclination of stroke plane than measured previously for honey bees (probably nectar foragers). Thorax temperatures ranked pollen > nectar > water foragers, and higher flight metabolic rate could explain the higher thorax temperature of pollen foragers. Load mass did not affect hovering metabolic rate or wingbeat frequency in a regression-model experiment. However, using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) design, loaded pollen and nectar foragers (mean loads 27% and 40% of body mass, respectively) significantly increased metabolic rate by 6%. Mean pollen loads of 18% of body mass had no effect on wingbeat frequency, stroke amplitude, body angle or inclination of stroke plane, but increased the calculated mechanical power output by 16-18% (depending on the method of estimating drag). A rise in lift coefficient as bees carry loads without increasing wingbeat frequency or stroke amplitude (and only minimal increases in metabolic rate) suggests an increased use of unsteady power-generating mechanisms.
在本研究中，我们测试了花粉和花蜜负载对代谢率（以毫瓦计）以及悬停期间振翅频率的影响，还研究了花粉负载对翅膀运动学和机械功率输出的影响。无论携带的负载量多少，采集花粉的蜜蜂悬停时的代谢率比采集花蜜的蜜蜂大约高10%。与之前测量的蜜蜂（可能是采集花蜜的蜜蜂）相比，采集花粉的蜜蜂身体位置也更水平，且 stroke 平面的倾斜度更高。胸部温度排序为花粉采集者>花蜜采集者>水采集者，较高的飞行代谢率可以解释花粉采集者较高的胸部温度。在回归模型实验中，负载质量并未影响悬停代谢率或振翅频率。然而，采用方差分析（ANOVA）设计时，携带负载的花粉和花蜜采集者（平均负载分别为体重的27%和40%）的代谢率显著提高了6%。体重18%的平均花粉负载对振翅频率、冲程幅度、身体角度或 stroke 平面的倾斜度没有影响，但计算得出的机械功率输出增加了16 - 18%（取决于估计阻力的方法）。随着蜜蜂携带负载时升力系数增加，而不增加振翅频率或冲程幅度（且代谢率仅略有增加），这表明不稳定发电机制的使用增加。
