Graham Anthony
MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom.
Am J Med Genet A. 2003 Jun 15;119A(3):251-6. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.10980.
The oro-pharyngeal apparatus has its origin in a series of bulges that is found on the lateral surface of the embryonic head, the pharyngeal arches. The development of the pharyngeal arches is complex involving a number of disparate embryonic cell types: ectoderm, endoderm, neural crest and mesoderm, whose development must be co-ordinated to generate the functional adult apparatus. In the past, most studies have emphasised the role played by the neural crest, which generates the skeletal elements of the arches, in directing pharyngeal arch development, but it has also become apparent that the other tissues of the arches, most notably the endoderm, also plays a prominent role in directing arch development. Thus pharyngeal arch development is more complex, and more consensual, than was previously believed.
口咽器官起源于胚胎头部侧面一系列的隆起，即咽弓。咽弓的发育很复杂，涉及多种不同的胚胎细胞类型：外胚层、内胚层、神经嵴和中胚层，它们的发育必须协调一致才能形成功能性的成年器官。过去，大多数研究强调了产生咽弓骨骼成分的神经嵴在引导咽弓发育中所起的作用，但也很明显，咽弓的其他组织，最显著的是内胚层，在引导咽弓发育中也起着重要作用。因此，咽弓的发育比以前认为的更加复杂，也更具一致性。
