Halimaa Sirkka-Liisa
Pohjois-Savo Polytechnic, Taapelitie 20, FIN-70150 Kuopio, Finland.
J Adv Nurs. 2003 Jun;42(6):587-97. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2648.2003.02662.x.
Pain can be caused to premature babies when nursing and other procedures are carried out. Procedural pain management for these babies raises challenging questions for health care professionals. Optimal pain management for premature babies can be reached by using and further developing existing pharmacological and non-pharmacological pain alleviation methods for procedural pain before, during, and after procedures.
The aims of this study were to describe the environment of pain management in nursing procedures and examinations with premature babies; to describe preparation of the baby for the procedure; to describe non-pharmacological pain alleviation methods during and after the procedures; and to develop a process describing procedural pain management in premature babies.
The material for this study consisted of journal articles on non-pharmacological procedural pain alleviation in infants published between 1994 and 2002. During this period knowledge of pain management in premature babies has improved considerably. The study was based on the method of content analysis.
Procedural pain management in premature babies was described by researchers as a process comprising: (1) an environment that is favourable to effective pain management, (2) safe preparation of the baby for the procedure, (3) pain alleviation during the procedure, and (4) restoring the baby's sense of security after the procedure. Pain management is recommended to be used alone or together with pharmacological interventions. Additionally, systematic pain management requires documentation of the whole pain management process.
Pain management can be described as a process. It is important to test and assess this process and individual non-pharmacological pain management methods in practical nursing situations. The findings of this review can be used to improve pain management methods in premature babies.
在对早产儿进行护理及其他操作时会引发疼痛。对这些婴儿进行操作过程中的疼痛管理给医护人员带来了具有挑战性的问题。通过使用并进一步开发现有的用于操作前、操作期间和操作后的操作疼痛的药理学和非药理学镇痛方法，可以实现对早产儿的最佳疼痛管理。
本研究的目的是描述对早产儿进行护理操作和检查时的疼痛管理环境；描述为操作对婴儿的准备工作；描述操作期间及操作后的非药理学镇痛方法；并制定一个描述早产儿操作疼痛管理的流程。
本研究的材料包括1994年至2002年间发表的关于婴儿非药理学操作疼痛缓解的期刊文章。在此期间，早产儿疼痛管理的知识有了显著提高。该研究基于内容分析法。
研究人员将早产儿的操作疼痛管理描述为一个包括以下内容的过程：（1）有利于有效疼痛管理的环境，（2）为操作对婴儿进行安全准备，（3）操作期间的疼痛缓解，以及（4）操作后恢复婴儿的安全感。建议单独使用疼痛管理或与药理学干预措施一起使用。此外，系统的疼痛管理需要记录整个疼痛管理过程。
疼痛管理可被描述为一个过程。在实际护理情况下测试和评估这个过程以及个体非药理学疼痛管理方法很重要。本综述的结果可用于改进早产儿的疼痛管理方法。
