Hawley Patricia H
Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, 1415 Jayhawk Boulevard, Lawrence, KS 66045-7556, USA.
J Exp Child Psychol. 2003 Jul;85(3):213-35. doi: 10.1016/s0022-0965(03)00073-0.
Moral reasoning, moral affect, social problem solving skills, and social preferences were assessed in 163 ethnically mixed preschoolers (2.86-5.95 years). Participants were rated by their teachers on prosocial and coercive strategies of control, success at resource control, and aggression (overt and relational). Based on their employment of coercive and prosocial strategies of resource control, the children were categorized as bistrategic controllers, coercive controllers, prosocial controllers, noncontrollers, or typicals. Teacher-rated relational aggression was positively associated with moral maturity in girls. Bistrategic controllers, although aggressive, were morally mature and preferred play partners by their peers. The results are discussed in terms of hypotheses that arise from evolutionary theory which suggests that highly effective resource controllers would be simultaneously aggressive and yet well aware of moral norms. The findings are contrasted with alternative hypotheses that might arise variously from traditional and prevailing approaches.
对163名不同种族的学龄前儿童（2.86至5.95岁）进行了道德推理、道德情感、社会问题解决能力和社会偏好的评估。教师对参与者在亲社会和强制控制策略、资源控制的成功程度以及攻击行为（公开的和关系性的）方面进行了评分。根据他们在资源控制方面采用的强制和亲社会策略，将儿童分为双策略控制者、强制控制者、亲社会控制者、非控制者或典型儿童。教师评定的关系性攻击行为与女孩的道德成熟度呈正相关。双策略控制者虽然具有攻击性，但道德成熟，且受到同伴的喜爱。研究结果根据进化理论提出的假设进行了讨论，该理论表明，高效的资源控制者会同时具有攻击性，但又深知道德规范。研究结果与可能从传统和主流方法中产生的其他假设进行了对比。
