Richards M P
USDA, ARS, Growth Biology Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Building 200, Room 206, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA.
Poult Sci. 2003 Jun;82(6):907-16. doi: 10.1093/ps/82.6.907.
Intensive selection by poultry breeders over many generations for economically important production traits such as growth rate and meat production has been accompanied by significant changes in feed intake and energy balance. For example, the modern commercial broiler, selected for rapid growth and enhanced muscle mass, does not adequately regulate voluntary feed intake to achieve energy balance. When given unrestricted access to feed, broilers exhibit hyperphagia leading to an excessive accumulation of energy (fat) stores, making these birds prone to obesity and other health-related problems. Humoral and neural pathways have been identified and studied in mammals that link appetite and energy balance. A series of highly integrated regulatory mechanisms exists for both of these processes involving complex interactions between peripheral tissues and the central nervous system. Within the central nervous system, the brainstem and the hypothalamus play critical roles in the regulation of feed intake and energy balance. Genes encoding key regulatory factors such as hormones, neuropeptides, receptors, enzymes, transcription factors, and binding/transport proteins constitute the molecular basis for regulatory systems that derive from integrated sensing, signaling, and metabolic pathways. However, we do not yet have a complete understanding of the genetic basis for this regulation in poultry. This review examines what is currently known about the regulation of feed intake and energy balance in poultry. A better understanding of the genes associated with controlling feed intake and energy balance and how their expression is regulated by nutritional and hormonal stimuli will offer new insights into current poultry breeding and management practices.
家禽育种者多代以来对生长速度和产肉量等经济上重要的生产性状进行高强度选择，同时饲料摄入量和能量平衡也发生了显著变化。例如，为快速生长和增加肌肉量而选育的现代商业肉鸡，无法充分调节自愿采食量以实现能量平衡。当肉鸡能无限制地获取饲料时，它们会表现出食欲亢进，导致能量（脂肪）储备过度积累，使这些鸡容易肥胖及出现其他与健康相关的问题。在哺乳动物中，已经确定并研究了连接食欲和能量平衡的体液和神经通路。这两个过程都存在一系列高度整合的调节机制，涉及外周组织与中枢神经系统之间的复杂相互作用。在中枢神经系统中，脑干和下丘脑在采食量和能量平衡的调节中起关键作用。编码关键调节因子（如激素、神经肽、受体、酶、转录因子以及结合/转运蛋白）的基因构成了源自整合的传感、信号传导和代谢途径的调节系统的分子基础。然而，我们目前尚未完全了解家禽这种调节的遗传基础。本综述探讨了目前关于家禽采食量和能量平衡调节的已知情况。更好地了解与控制采食量和能量平衡相关的基因，以及它们的表达如何受到营养和激素刺激的调节，将为当前的家禽育种和管理实践提供新的见解。
