Paluska Scott A
University of Washington, Department of Family Medicine, Roosevelt Medical Center, 4245 Roosevelt Way NE, Box 354775, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
Curr Sports Med Rep. 2003 Aug;2(4):213-9. doi: 10.1249/00149619-200308000-00008.
Caffeine is the most commonly consumed drug in the world, and athletes frequently use it as an ergogenic aid. It improves performance and endurance during prolonged, exhaustive exercise. To a lesser degree it also enhances short-term, high-intensity athletic performance. Caffeine improves concentration, reduces fatigue, and enhances alertness. Habitual intake does not diminish caffeine's ergogenic properties. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the physiologic effects of caffeine, but adenosine receptor antagonism most likely accounts for the primary mode of action. It is relatively safe and has no known negative performance effects, nor does it cause significant dehydration or electrolyte imbalance during exercise. Routine caffeine consumption may cause tolerance or dependence, and abrupt discontinuation produces irritability, mood shifts, headache, drowsiness, or fatigue. Major sport governing bodies ban excessive use of caffeine, but current monitoring techniques are inadequate, and ethical dilemmas persist regarding caffeine intake by athletes.
咖啡因是世界上最常被摄入的药物，运动员经常将其用作提高运动能力的辅助剂。它能在长时间的高强度运动中提升表现和耐力。在较小程度上，它也能增强短期的高强度运动表现。咖啡因能提高注意力、减轻疲劳并增强警觉性。习惯性摄入并不会降低咖啡因提高运动能力的特性。人们提出了几种机制来解释咖啡因的生理效应，但腺苷受体拮抗作用很可能是其主要作用方式。它相对安全，没有已知的负面运动表现影响，在运动过程中也不会导致显著的脱水或电解质失衡。日常饮用咖啡因可能会导致耐受性或依赖性，突然停止饮用会产生易怒、情绪波动、头痛、嗜睡或疲劳等症状。主要的体育管理机构禁止过度使用咖啡因，但目前的监测技术并不完善，关于运动员摄入咖啡因的伦理困境依然存在。
