Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada.
Ann Nutr Metab. 2010;57 Suppl 2:1-8. doi: 10.1159/000322696. Epub 2011 Feb 22.
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Caffeine and creatine are 2 of the most widely available and used compounds in sport. Although the use of either is not considered a doping infraction, the evidence does suggest ergogenic potential in certain sports. The purpose of this paper is to review the pharmacology and potential mechanism(s) of action of caffeine and creatine as they pertain to possible use as an ergogenic aid in sport.
Previous review articles on caffeine and creatine use in sport were screened for relevant information and references, and studies for review and recent articles (2007 onwards) were obtained and reviewed using a PUBMED search with the terms 'caffeine AND exercise', 'creatine and creatine monohydrate AND exercise', and appropriate linked articles were evaluated.
Caffeine taken before (3-6 mg/kg) or during (1-2 mg/kg) endurance exercise enhances performance, through central nervous system and direct muscle effects. Creatine monohydrate supplementation at higher (approx. 20 g/day × 3-5 days) or lower (approx. 5 g/day × 30 days) doses increases skeletal muscle total and phosphocreatine by 10-20%. Creatine supplementation appears to minimally but significantly enhance high-intensity sport performance and the mass and possibly strength gains made during resistance exercise training over the first few months.
Although caffeine and creatine appear to be ergogenic aids, they do so in a sport-specific context and there is no rationale for their simultaneous use in sport. Higher doses of caffeine can be toxic and appear to be ergolytic. There is no rationale for creatine doses in excess of the recommendations, and some athletes can get stomach upset, especially at higher creatine doses.
背景/目的：咖啡因和肌酸是运动中最广泛使用的两种化合物。虽然使用任何一种都不被视为兴奋剂违规，但有证据表明它们在某些运动中具有增强运动能力的潜力。本文的目的是回顾咖啡因和肌酸的药理学和潜在作用机制，因为它们可能作为运动中的一种增强剂使用。
筛选了关于咖啡因和肌酸在运动中使用的先前综述文章，以获取相关信息和参考文献，并使用 PUBMED 搜索术语“咖啡因和运动”、“肌酸和肌酸一水合物和运动”，以及适当的链接文章，检索和回顾研究报告和最近的文章（2007 年以后）。
在耐力运动前（3-6mg/kg）或期间（1-2mg/kg）摄入咖啡因可通过中枢神经系统和直接肌肉作用来提高运动表现。以较高（约 20g/天×3-5 天）或较低（约 5g/天×30 天）剂量补充肌酸一水合物可使骨骼肌总肌酸和磷酸肌酸增加 10-20%。肌酸补充似乎可以适度但显著提高高强度运动表现，并在最初几个月的抗阻运动训练中增加肌肉质量和力量。
虽然咖啡因和肌酸似乎是增强运动能力的辅助剂，但它们在特定运动环境中起作用，同时在运动中使用它们没有任何理由。高剂量的咖啡因可能有毒，并可能具有运动能力降低的作用。没有理由使用超过推荐剂量的肌酸，而且一些运动员会出现胃部不适，尤其是在较高的肌酸剂量下。
