Schneider Sally M, Rosskopf Erin N, Leesch James G, Chellemi Daniel O, Bull Carolee T, Mazzola Mark
USDA-ARS, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA 93648, USA.
Pest Manag Sci. 2003 Jun-Jul;59(6-7):814-26. doi: 10.1002/ps.728.
Methyl bromide is a widely used fumigant for both pre-plant and post-harvest pest and pathogen control. The Montreal Protocol and the US Clean Air Act mandate a phase-out of the import and manufacture of methyl bromide, beginning in 2001 and culminating with a complete ban, except for quarantine and certain pre-shipment uses and exempted critical uses, in January 2005. In 1995, ARS built on its existing programs in soil-borne plant pathology and post-harvest entomology and plant pathology to initiate a national research program to develop alternatives to methyl bromide. The focus has been on strawberry, pepper, tomato, perennial and nursery cropping systems for pre-plant methyl bromide use and fresh and durable commodities for post-harvest use. Recently the program has been expanded to include research on alternatives for the ornamental and cut flower cropping systems. An overview of the national research program is presented. Results from four specific research trials are presented, ranging from organic to conventional systems. Good progress on short-term alternatives is being made. These will be used as the foundation of integrated management systems which begin with pre-plant management decisions and continue through post-harvest processing.
溴甲烷是一种广泛用于种植前和收获后害虫及病原体防治的熏蒸剂。《蒙特利尔议定书》和美国《清洁空气法》规定逐步淘汰溴甲烷的进口和生产，从2001年开始，到2005年1月全面禁止，但检疫和某些装运前用途以及豁免的关键用途除外。1995年，美国农业研究局在其现有的土传植物病理学以及收获后昆虫学和植物病理学项目基础上，启动了一项全国性研究计划，以开发溴甲烷的替代品。重点是种植前使用溴甲烷的草莓、辣椒、番茄、多年生作物和苗圃种植系统，以及收获后使用的新鲜耐储存商品。最近，该计划已扩大到包括对观赏和切花种植系统替代品的研究。本文概述了该全国性研究计划。介绍了四项具体研究试验的结果，涵盖从有机系统到传统系统。在短期替代品方面正在取得良好进展。这些将作为综合管理系统的基础，该系统从种植前管理决策开始，一直持续到收获后加工。
