Lazar Rina
Program of Psychotherapy, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
Int J Psychoanal. 2003 Apr;84(Pt 2):405-25. doi: 10.1516/002075703321632982.
Hatred is known to be a common phenomenon and a lot has been written about this affect. However, the author believes that the more we read and write about hate the further away we find ourselves from a real sense of understanding of this so familiar and yet so elusive experience. She feels that using a single concept to describe 'hatred' seems to be a simplification of the matter, since it consists of a chain of affects that does not lend itself to easy theoretical or experiential distinction. In this paper the author aims at 'knowing' the experience of hatred as the individual's reaction to an unbearable existential excess, that is, as the psychic attempt to handle an emotional profusion in the context of human relation and in relation to it. The emotional abundance that the psyche cannot contain and process by itself is dealt with by the defensive use of simplification, detachment and distancing. An attempt is made to understand the relation between psychic existing and hatred, between craving, desiring and hate, between passionate aliveness--or a passion to live--and the difficulty in containing the excessive dimension of it. The author illustrates her thesis through a reading of Tolstoy's 'Kreutzer sonata' as a monologue of hatred.
仇恨是一种常见现象,关于这种情感已经有很多著述。然而,作者认为,我们对仇恨的阅读和著述越多,就越难以真正理解这种既熟悉又难以捉摸的体验。她觉得用单一概念来描述“仇恨”似乎是对问题的简化,因为它由一系列情感构成,难以进行简单的理论或经验区分。在本文中,作者旨在“了解”仇恨的体验,即个人对无法承受的生存过剩的反应,也就是在人际关系背景下并与之相关的处理情感泛滥的心理尝试。心灵自身无法容纳和处理的情感富足,通过简化、超脱和疏远等防御性手段来应对。本文试图理解心理存在与仇恨之间的关系,渴望、欲望与仇恨之间的关系,充满激情的活力——或者说生存的激情——与控制其过度维度的困难之间的关系。作者通过解读托尔斯泰的《克鲁采奏鸣曲》(作为一篇仇恨的独白)来阐述她的论点。