The writing of arabic numerals, kanji, and kana in brain-damaged patients.

This study investigated the neural mechanisms involved in the writing of Arabic numerals, kanji, and kana. Tasks involving writing numerals in Arabic, kanji, and, kana were administered to four patients with Gerstmann's syndrome and to five Wernicke aphasics. The results indicated that the ability to write Arabic numerals was well preserved in the Wernicke aphasics despite their serious phonological disturbances. The patients with Gerstmann's syndrome, who have a deficit with the concept of number, could write kanji numerals better than Arabic and kana numerals. Unlike Arabic numerals (ideogram) and kana (syllabogram), kanji (morphogram) have both semantic and phonetic values. The results suggested that Arabic numerals may be somesthetic and linked directly to the concept of number bypassing phonological analysis.