Alexander L
Integr Physiol Behav Sci. 1992 Oct-Dec;27(4):371-4. doi: 10.1007/BF02691171.
Hypnosis has never been adequately explained in terms of conceptual framework of most schools of psychotherapy. The psychoanalytic concept that it consists of submission and surrender of important ego functions to the therapist does not explain all observed facts. During my wartime studies and since, I have been impressed by the observation that the patient's ego is by no means powerless and defenseless, even during a deep state of trance, i.e., in states of trance sufficiently deep to eliminate awareness of painful body injuries (1965). Erickson (1954) has shown on many occasions that in resistant subjects one of the best ways to induce trance is to encourage the patient to resist as much as he can. Haley (1963) has pointed out in detail that at the beginning of any hypnotic relationship there evolves a subtle battle for "one-upmanship." These observations certainly show that surrender in the psychological sense is by no means an aspect of even the most successfully induced trance states.
就大多数心理治疗学派的概念框架而言，催眠从未得到充分解释。精神分析的概念认为，催眠包括重要的自我功能向治疗师的屈服和交出，但这并不能解释所有观察到的事实。在我战时的研究期间及之后，我一直对这样的观察印象深刻：即使在深度恍惚状态下，即深度足以消除对身体伤痛感知的恍惚状态下，患者的自我绝非无力和无助的（1965年）。埃里克森（1954年）多次表明，对于抗拒的受试者，诱导恍惚的最佳方法之一就是鼓励患者尽可能地抗拒。海利（1963年）详细指出，在任何催眠关系开始时，都会演变成一场关于“占上风”的微妙较量。这些观察结果无疑表明，即使在最成功诱导出的恍惚状态中，心理意义上的屈服也绝不是其中的一个方面。
